IM-mindmaster1

管理学Foundational Theories， why we need managers taday types of management practices

Foundational Theories

• why we need managers taday
  • industrial revolution change the structure of work process
  • workforce changed from small units to factories which employed many workers
  • manegers were needed to supervise and direct these workers
• types of management practices
  • 1.scientific management
    • identifying the best ,most efficient way to complete a job by studying and testing different work methods
    • Devoloped by Frederick W.Taylor
    • A response to work practices on the time :seat-of-the-pants' management
    • find the best way for each element of work by studying and analysing it
    • scientifically select train teach and develop workers to help them reach their full potential
    • Cooperate with workers to ensure work is carried out according to principles agreed on
    • ensure equal division of work between management and workers
    • compensation commensurate with fair day's work
  • 2.Gantt chart
    • what is it
      • Gantt chart is a project management tool that displays the schedule and progress of individual tasks in a project. It shows the start and end dates of the tasks as well as the duration of the tasks in the form of a bar chart. Gantt charts also show the dependencies between tasks and the percentage completion of tasks. By using Gantt charts, project managers can have a better understanding of the project's progress and schedule so that they can adjust their plans and resource allocation in a timely manner.
    • use a graph to indicate which tasks need to be completed at which times to complete a project.
    • similar to Taylor, Gantt used scientific principles to select train and compensate workers.
  • 3. Bureaucratic management
    • a response to managers being selected by virtue of family not by skill
    • max webser saw bureaucracy as the "ideal" organisation
    • management through rational principle to achieve organisational goals in the efficient way
    • the aim of bureaucracy
      • qualification-based hiring
        • employees are hired on the basis technical or educational background
      • merit-based promotion
        • promotion is based on experience or achievement
      • chain of command
        • each job occurs within a hierrachy, the chain of comand,which each position reports and is accountable to a higher position
      • division of labour
        • task responsibility and authority are clearly divided and defined
      • impartial application of rules and procedures
        • rules and procedures apply to all members of the organisation and will be applied in an manner regardless of one's position
      • recorded in writing
        • all administrative decisions acts rules or procedure will be recorded in writing
      • managers separate from owners
        • the owners of an organisation should nor manage or supervise the organisation
  • 4.administrative management
    • fourteen principles of management that he thought could be used to solve management issues
    • fayol's principles of management
      • 1.division of work
      • 2.authority and responsibility
      • 3.discipline
      • 4.unity of command
      • 5.unity of direction
      • 6.subordination of individual interests to general interest
      • 7.remuneration
      • 8. centralisation
      • 9. scalar chain
      • 10. order
      • 11.equity
      • 12.stability of tenure of personnel
      • 13.initiative
      • 14.morale and unity
  • 5.human relations management
    • suggest efficiency alone is not enough
    • organisational success also depends on management treating workers well
    • employee productivity and motivation can be increased through positive social bonds in the workplace and acknowledgement of the worker as a unique individual
  • 6.cooperation and acceptance of authority
    • people won't be indifferent to managerial directives if they
      • are understood
      • are consistent with the purpose of the organisation
      • are compatible with the people's personal interests
      • can be carried out by those people
  • 7.operration management
    • ideas and tools from resarch into weaponry by USS government in WWLL
  • 8. information management
    • management needs timely and accurate information
  • 9. systems management
    • systems view of organisation; idea of organisations existing within an environment
  • 10. contingency management
    • there are no universal and the most effective management theory or idea depends on the kinds of problems or situations that manages or organisation are particular time and place