导图社区 级别4-单元3-过去
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级别4-单元3-过去
个人学习EF英语，制作了思维导图笔记，内容详细。此笔记为级别4-单元3-过去
编辑于2019-02-04 09:10:40- 相似推荐
- 大纲
级别4 单元3 过去
2 谈论你的周末
语法
不规则动词过去时态
许多动词的过去时形式都是不规则的，也就是说它们的过去时形式不能通过简单在词尾添加 -ed 形成。 有些不规则动词的过去时和现在时截然不同，必须加以熟记。 go - went 去 eat - ate 吃 bring - brought 带来 leave - left 离开 sell - sold 卖
go - went
eat - ate
bring - brought
leave - left
sell - sold
改变了一个字母
其他不规则动词的过去时形式只是改变了一个字母，因此更容易识记。 make - made 做 rise - rose 上升 get - got 得到
make - made
rise - rose
get - got
形式相同
一些动词的一般现在时和过去时的形式相同。 cut - cut 切割 let - let 让 shut - shut 关闭
cut - cut
let - let
shut - shut
拼法相同，但读音不同
动词 read 的一般现在时和过去时拼法相同，但读音不同。请听这两句中 read 的读音。 I often read novels. 我经常看小说。 I read a good novel last week. 上周我看一本精彩的小说。
read
词汇
过去的活动
I ate some spaghetti.
I ate some spaghetti. 我吃了点意大利式细面条。 /aɪ eɪt səm spəˈɡeti/ The speaker or writer consumed a type of noodle dish.
She brought a gift.
She brought a gift. 她带了一件礼物。 /ʃi brɔːt ə ɡɪft/ A female arrived with something to give someone.
He cooked dinner.
He cooked dinner. 他做了晚饭。 /hi kʊkd ˈdɪnər/ A male person prepared an evening meal using a stove or oven.
We made lunch
We made lunch. 我们做了午饭。 /wi meɪd lʌntʃ/ Two or more people, including the speaker or writer, prepared a midday meal.
我们做了午饭。
We played a game.
We played a game. 我们玩了一局游戏。 /wi pleɪd ə ɡeɪm/ Two or more people, including the speaker or writer, took part in a competitive activity or sport with rules.
我们玩了一局游戏。
They watched TV.
They watched TV. 他们看了电视。 /ðeɪ wɑːtʃt ˌtiː ˈviː/ Two or more people observed television programs.
他们看了电视。
We drove to Las Vegas
We drove to Las Vegas. 我们开车去了拉斯维加斯。 /wi droʊv tə lɑːs veɪgɑːs/ Two or more people, including the speaker or writer, got to Las Vegas by car, with one of them operating it
我们开车去了拉斯维加斯。
They did yoga.
They did yoga. 他们练了瑜伽。 /ðeɪ dɪd ˈjoʊɡə/ Two or more people took part in a particular system of exercises that focus on breathing and relaxing
他们练了瑜伽。
I went jogging.
I went jogging. 我跑步了。 /aɪ went ˈdʒɑːɡɪŋ/ The speaker or writer exercised by running slowly.
我跑步了。
口语
开启对话
一般性问题
如果没有想要谈论的话题，问候完后你可以使用一个常见的一般性问题。 How are you doing? 你还好吗？ How are you today? 你今天怎么样？ What's up? 你好吗？ What's happening? 在忙什么呢？ What's going on? 发生什么事了？ How was your weekend? 你周末过得怎么样？
How are you doing?
How are you today?
What's up?
What's happening?
What's going on?
How was your weekend?
特定问题
你可以向你认识的人询问他们的生活。 How was Peru? 秘鲁怎么样？ How is your mom feeling? 你妈妈感觉怎么样？
How was Peru?
How is your mom feeling?
陈述句
陈述句 在有些场合，你会有一个你想讨论的话题。你可以提出陈述，然后听众会对你的陈述发表意见。 A: Hey, there was a great movie on last night. B: Really? What was it? 嗨，昨天晚上的电影很好看。 真的吗？什么电影？ A: That was a great game last night! B: Yeah, it was really exciting! 昨天晚上的比赛非常精彩！ 是啊，真的令人兴奋！
A: Hey, there was a great movie on last night. B: Really? What was it?
A: That was a great game last night! B: Yeah, it was really exciting!
表达
改变话题
改变话题 对话从一个话题转到另一个话题，有一些表达可以帮助人们暗示他们要改变话题。
'By the way' 来引入新话题，它也表示你刚想起了某事。
'By the way' 使用表达 by the way 来引入新话题，它也表示你刚想起了某事。 A: By the way, I saw Joe last night. He looked good. B: Really? I'm so glad! 对了，我昨天晚上见到 Joe 了。他气色看起来不错。 真的吗？我非常高兴！
A: By the way, I saw Joe last night. He looked good.
B: Really? I'm so glad!
'That reminds me' 当你想起了想说的其他事情
'That reminds me' 当你想起了想说的其他事情，使用 that reminds me 来转变话题。 A: There was a great baseball game on TV last night. B: Oh, that reminds me. I have two tickets to tonight's game. Do you want to go? A: Yeah! 昨天晚上电视上有一场精彩的棒球比赛。 哦，我想起来了。我有两张今天晚上比赛的票。你想去吗？ 是啊！
A: There was a great baseball game on TV last night.
B: Oh, that reminds me. I have two tickets to tonight's game. Do you want to go?
A: Yeah!
'Anyway' 结束或总结话题
'Anyway' 使用单词 anyway 来结束或总结话题，这样一来你可以开始一个新话题。当你听厌了某人谈论某事，非常想改变话题时，就可以使用这个词。 A: That restaurant wasn't very good. B: No, it wasn't! The meat tasted bad, and the salad wasn't fresh. And the waiter was awful! His clothes were dirty! A: Anyway, we're not going there again. So, how's Jane? 那家餐馆不是很好。 是啊，不怎么好！肉有味道，沙拉也不新鲜。而且服务员也很差劲！他的衣服很脏！ 总之，我们不打算再去了。对了，Jane 还好吧？
4 听故事
词汇
远足词汇
bear
bear 熊 /ber/ a heavy wild animal with thick fur and sharp claws (= pointed parts on the ends of its feet). There are many types of bear a black bear 黑熊
熊
wolf
wolf 狼 /wʊlf/ a large wild animal of the dog family, which lives and hunts in groups a pack of wolves 一群狼
狼
backpack
backpack 背包 /ˈbækpæk/ a large bag, often supported on a light metal frame, carried on the back and used especially by people who go climbing or walking
背包
campfire
campfire 篝火 /ˈkæmpfaɪə(r)/ an outdoor fire made by people who are sleeping outside or living in a tent
篝火
snake
snake 蛇 /sneɪk/ a reptile with a very long thin body and no legs. There are many types of snake, some of which are poisonous a snake coiled up in the grass 一条盘绕在草地上的蛇
蛇
boots
boots 靴子 /buːts/ a strong shoe that covers the foot and ankle and often the lower part of the leg cowboy boots 牛仔靴
靴子
tent
tent 帐篷 /tent/ a shelter made of a large sheet of canvas, nylon, etc. that is supported by poles and ropes fixed to the ground, and is used especially for camping to put up/take down a tent 搭建/拆除帐篷
帐篷
deer
deer 鹿 /dɪə(r)/ an animal with long legs, that eats grass, leaves, etc. and can run fast. Most male deer have antlers (= horns shaped like branches). There are many types of deer a herd of deer 鹿群
鹿
trail
trail 崎岖小路 /treɪl/ a path through the countryside a trail through the forest 森林路径
崎岖小路
cabin
cabin 小木屋 /ˈkæbɪn/ a small house or shelter, usually made of wood a log cabin 圆木小屋
小木屋
语法
提问过去时态的问题
辅助动词 did
含有疑问词的过去时疑问句 过去时疑问句如果不使用 be 动词，而且句首为疑问词，需要使用辅助动词 did。另外请注意主要动词保持原形。 A: What did you do on the weekend? B: I played badminton. 你周末做了什么？ 我打羽毛球了。 A: Where did you go for your vacation? B: I went to Peru. 你去哪度假了？ 我去秘鲁了。
某物的所有者 whose
询问某物的所有者，使用疑问词 whose。 A: Whose backpack did you borrow? B: I borrowed my brother's. 你借了谁的背包？ 我借了我哥哥（弟弟）的背包。
某物的种类 what kind of
询问某物的种类，使用疑问短语 what kind of。 A: What kind of tent did you buy? B: I bought a Shelty. It's the best brand. 你买了哪种帐篷？ 我买了一个 Shelty，这个牌子最好。 A: What kind of animals did you see? B: We saw deer, wolves and a snake. 你看到了哪些种类的动物？ 我们看到了鹿、狼和蛇。
how +形容词
你可以使用疑问词 how 与许多不同的形容词搭配，用以询问详细信息。 How far did you walk? 你们走了多远？ How difficult was the hike? 徒步旅行有多困难？
be，不加did
be 动词疑问句不需要辅助动词 did。 A: How was your weekend? B: It was great, thanks. 周末过得怎么样？ 非常愉快，谢谢。 A: How long was your trip? B: We hiked for two weeks. 这次旅行你们去了多久？ 我们徒步旅行了两周。
练习
KYLE: Hey, Jane! How was your backpacking trip? JANE: It was fantastic. KYLE: Where did you go? JANE: Uh, we went to Virginia and hiked part of the Appalachian Trail. KYLE: Wow! The Appalachian Trail! How far did you hike? JANE: In five days, we hiked about 25 kilometers. KYLE: Wow! That's pretty far. How cold did it get? JANE: Well, you know it's October, so it was really cold at night. KYLE: What kind of tent did you take? JANE: No tent. There are little cabins on the trail. We all slept in them. KYLE: Really? What kind of animals did you see ? Any bears? JANE: No bears. Just a lot of deer. KYLE: That's good.
表达
积极聆听
询问故事接下来的事情
积极聆听 听故事不应该完全被动接受。与通常的对话相同，你应避免沉默，激发讲故事的人，不懂得时候要提问。做一个积极的聆听者。 常常可以通过询问故事接下来的事情来激发讲故事的人。使用下列表达询问之后发生的事情： And then what happened? 然后发生了什么事？ What happened next? 接着发生了什么事？ What did you do then? 然后你做了什么？ Go on. 继续讲。
And then what happened?
What happened next?
What did you do then?
Go on.
升调将陈述句变疑问句
请记住，升调可以将陈述句变为疑问句。使用类似下面的问题确定你理解了或表达惊奇。 Bears? 熊吗？ A problem with a bear? 碰到熊了吗？ And we're going to the same place? 我们打算去同一个地方吗？ 最好的故事会故事讲述人和听故事的人应该互动，从而营造一场难忘的活动。
Bears?
A problem with a bear?
And we're going to the same place?
3 讲故事
新闻词汇
与罪行相关的名词
新闻消息涵盖罪行、政治和商业等各种各样的话题。我们再次只关注 crime。以下是一些和 crime相关的有用名词。 与罪行相关的名词 crime 犯罪案件 police 警察 thief 小偷 theft 盗窃 thief 是指犯偷窃罪的人，theft 则是偷窃这一事件。thief 一词的复数形式是不规则的： thieves。
crime
police
thief
theft
与罪行相关的动词
与罪行相关的动词 以下是一些和 crime 相关的有用动词。 break into 闯入，破门而入 murder 谋杀 kill 杀死 arrest 逮捕 steal 偷盗 steal 是不规则动词，过去式形式是 stole。
break into
murder
kill
arrest
steal
练习
Jenny, I'm visiting a friend in New Orleans. It's a beautiful city. I love the buildings and the people. I'm having a good time, but a thief broke into my friend's apartment and stole $130! That's a lot of money. We called the police, and they are looking for the thief. I'm going home to Springdale tomorrow, and that's OK with me. I'm really upset about the theft. Sarah
不定代词
somewhere
使用 somewhere 谈论不确定的地点。 John lives somewhere in Tokyo. I don't know his address. John 住在东京的某个地方，我不知道地址。
someone、somebody
使用 someone 谈论不确定或不知道的人。 单词 somebody 与 someone 意义相同。 Someone stole a painting from the museum. 有人从博物馆偷了一幅画。
something
使用 something 谈论不确定的事物。 The thief stole something from the woman's bag. 小偷从那位女士的包里偷了什么东西。
练习
LORNA: Jim. JIM: Yes, dear? LORNA: Did you listen to the news today? JIM: No, I was busy. LORNA: Well, someone broke into an Italian restaurant last night. JIM: What? LORNA: There was a theft at an Italian restaurant somewhere in Houston. And they stole something strange. JIM: Strange? LORNA: Yes! They stole pasta. JIM: What? LORNA: They stole a lot of pasta. JIM: You mean, like, spaghetti? LORNA: Yes. JIM: Why did they do that? LORNA: I don't know. Maybe they were hungry.
表达
故事排序
另一件事情一天之后发生， the next day。
如果你描述的事情在另一件事情一天之后发生，使用短语 the next day。 They stole 15 computers on Friday night. The next day, the police came. 他们周五晚上偷了 15 台电脑，第二天来了警察。
一件事情在某事多久之后发生，使用数字 + 时间单词 + later
要表示一件事情在某事多久之后发生，使用数字 + 时间单词 + later。 There was a theft on Friday night. Three days later, we hired a security guard. 周五晚上发生了盗窃。三天后，我们聘请了一名保安。
过去时间的表达
向他人讲述某件发生的事情，你也可以使用本课中之前学到的时间表达。 The theft was three days ago. 盗窃发生在三天前。 They broke in last Friday. 他们上周五闯了进去。 They stole money the day before yesterday. 他们前天偷了钱。
The theft was three days ago.
They broke in last Friday.
They stole money the day before yesterday.
阅读
预览新闻文章
标题
标题 标题以一种特有的简短英语形式撰写，因此起初可能会难以理解。例如，标题 U.K., U.S. Talk Trade 表示英美两国协商贸易问题。由于标题涵盖文章大意，尤其应该引起你的注意。
照片和插图
照片和插图 照片和插图置于文中，可以让文章更容易理解，增加阅读趣味。慢慢仔细观看照片和图片。如果图片配有文字说明，阅读这些说明，获取更多有关图片和故事的信息。
导语
新闻文章的第一段称为导语，通常包含该新闻最重要的细节。导语常常引出人物、时间、时间和地点，有时也会介绍方式和原因。由于导语信息充分，因此你应该密切关注。
新闻来源
新闻来源 在文章上方，你可能看到至少下列一项：署名行（记者姓名）、日期栏（记者发稿的城市）和通讯社的名称。有时通讯社的名称见于括号中 (Global News)，有时缩写为 (GN)。
练习
Theft on Princes Street Edinburgh, Scotland (Global News) – Thieves broke into the MacCleod Gallery on Saturday night and stole "The Cherry Blossom," an 18th-century Japanese painting. A gallery employee discovered the theft on Sunday morning. Malcolm MacCleod, the owner of the gallery, valued the painting at $100,000.
1 询问别人一周的状况
词汇
日常活动
I called my friend.
I called my friend. 我给朋友打了电话。 /aɪ kɔːld maɪ frend/ The speaker or writer telephoned their friend.
I ate breakfast.
I ate breakfast. 我吃了早饭。 /aɪ et ˈbrekfəst/ The speaker or writer consumed a morning meal.
I left the house.
I left the house. 我离开了家。 /aɪ left ðə haʊs/ The speaker or writer left their house or someone else's house.
I got up
I got up. 我起床了。 /aɪ ɡɑːt ʌp/ The speaker or writer awoke and left their bed.
I washed my clothes.
I washed my clothes. 我洗了我的衣服。 /aɪ wɑːʃt maɪ kloʊðz/ The speaker or writer cleaned their clothing with soap and water.
I cleaned my apartment.
I cleaned my apartment. 我打扫了我的公寓。 /aɪ kliːnd maɪ əˈpɑːrtmənt/ The speaker or writer tidied their living space.
I watched TV.
I watched TV. 我看了电视。 /aɪ wɑːtʃt ˌtiː ˈviː/ The speaker or writer observed programs on television.
I went for a run.
I went for a run. 我跑了步。 /aɪ went fər ə rʌn/ The speaker or writer exercised by running.
I did the dishes.
I did the dishes. 我洗了碗。 /aɪ dɪd ðə dɪʃəz/ The speaker or writer cleaned their dishes with soap and water
I ironed my clothes.
I ironed my clothes. 我熨了我的衣服。 /aɪ ˈaɪərnd maɪ kloʊðz/ The speaker or writer pressed creases out of their clothing with a hot appliance.
语法
动词过去时
尾添加 -ed
许多动词过去时只用在动词词尾添加 -ed 即可。 walk - walked clean - cleaned
walk - walked
clean - cleaned
不规则动词
不规则动词 但是，一些最常用的动词都是不规则的，也就是说它们的过去形式不以 -ed 结尾。它们有多种不同的形成方式。 have - had make - made eat - ate drink - drank let - let
have - had
make - made
eat - ate
drink - drank
let - let
be 动词
be 动词 be 动词有两种过去时形式：was 和 were。代词 he、she、it 和 I 使用 was，you、we 和 they 使用 were。 He was tired yesterday. 他昨天很累。 They were happy in Paris. 他们以前在巴黎过得很开心。
he、she、it 和 I 使用 was
you、we 和 they 使用 were
否定式
使用 did + not 来组成动词过去时否定式。主要动词保持原形。 They did not like London. 他们以前不喜欢伦敦。 We did not meet John yesterday. 我们昨天没有碰到 John。 在英语口语中，短语 did + not 通常缩写为 didn't。 They didn't like London. 他们以前不喜欢伦敦。 We didn't meet John yesterday. 我们昨天没有碰到 John。
did + not
They did not like London.
We did not meet John yesterday.
didn't
They didn't like London.
We didn't meet John yesterday.
be否定缩写
be 动词的过去时否定式为 was not 和 were not，对应的缩写形式分别为 wasn't 和 weren't。 Frank was not happy in Los Angeles. > Frank wasn't happy in Los Angeles. Frank 以前在洛杉矶过得不开心。 Oscar and Pam were not at home yesterday. > Oscar and Pam weren't at home yesterday. Oscar 和 Pam 昨天不在家。
was not - wasn't
were not - weren't
过去时疑问句
句首使用单词 did 不得在动词词尾后加 s
在句首使用单词 did 来形成过去时疑问句。did 后使用主要动词的原形。不得在动词词尾后加 s。 Did he go to Shanghai? 他去上海了吗？ Did they eat dinner? 他们吃了吗？
Did he go to Shanghai?
Did they eat dinner?
was 或 were 置于问句之首
要使用 be 动词组成过去时疑问句，请将 was 或 were 置于问句之首。 陈述句： He was happy. 他以前很开心。 疑问句： Was he happy? 他以前很开心吗？
陈述句： He was happy.
疑问句： Was he happy?
表达
过去时间的表达
使用下列表达来谈论过去的事情。 'Yesterday' I visited Carol yesterday. 我昨天拜访了 Carol。 'The day before yesterday' Jack and Nancy got back from Mexico the day before yesterday. Jack 和 Nancy 前天从墨西哥回来了。 数字 + 时间单词 + ago We went to that new restaurant two days ago. 我们两天前去了那家新餐馆。 last + 时间单词 I worked at a supermarket last year. 我去年在一家超市上班。
'Yesterday'
I visited Carol yesterday.
'The day before yesterday'
Jack and Nancy got back from Mexico the day before yesterday.
数字 + 时间单词 + ago
We went to that new restaurant two days ago.
last + 时间单词
I worked at a supermarket last year.
询问过去的事件/活动
开放式问题，答案不止一个
开放式问题是指答案不止一个的问题。比如，How was Paris? 有多种可能的回答。 How was Paris? 巴黎怎么样？ It was great! 太棒了！ It was terrible. 很差。 We loved it. 我们很喜欢。 We hated it. 我们很讨厌。
How was Paris?
It was great!
It was terrible.
We loved it.
We hated it.
开放式问题更利于推动对话
开放式问题一般更利于推动对话。它们让和你对话的人可以自由回答，回答方法也有多种。开放式问题主要分为两种：描述性问题和意见性问题。
描述性问题
描述性问题 What was it like? （它什么样子？） What was the wedding like? 婚礼是什么样子？ What did he look like? 他长什么样？
What was it like?
What was the wedding like?
What did he look like?
意见性问题
意见性问题 How did you like Beijing? 你有多喜欢北京？ How was your vacation? 你的假期怎么样？ How was Russia? （俄罗斯怎么样？
How did you like Beijing?
How was your vacation?
How was Russia?
封闭式问题，yes或no
封闭式问题则只有肯定和否定两种回答：yes 或 no。 Did you go to Paris? 你去过巴黎吗？ Yes, I did. 是的，我去过。 No, I didn't. 没，我没去过。
Did you go to Paris?
Yes, I did.
No, I didn't.
谨慎使用单词 like
语言点：谨慎使用单词 like，该词有两种不同的意思。 描述： What was it like? （它是什么样子？） 观点： How did you like it? （你有多喜欢它？）
描述： What was it like?
观点： How did you like it?