Perception and Decision making

这是一篇关于管理学的思维导图，分为决策，决策模型，决策中常见的偏见和错误。归因理论，社会知觉的捷径，影响感知的三个因素。

Perception and Decision making

• Decision making
  • defination
    • In psychology, decision making is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options.It could be either rational or irrational
• Decision making model
  • Rational decision-making model
    • ①Define the problem
    • ②Identify the decision criteria
    • ③Allocate weights to the criteria
    • ④Develop the alternatives
    • ⑤Evaluate the alternatives
    • ⑥Select the best alternatives
  • Bounded rationality
    • The limted information-processing capability of human beings makes it impossible to assimilate and understand all the information necessary to optimize.So people seek solutions that are satisfactory and acceptable,rather than optimal.
  • Intuitive decision making
    • An non-conscious process created out of distilled experience
    • Based on years of experience and learning
    • Can be a powerful complement to rational analysis in decision making.
• Common biases and errors in decision making
  • Overconfidence Bias
    • As manager and employees become more knowledgeable about an issue, the less likely they are to display overconfidence.
  • Anchoring Bias
    • A tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information
  • Confirmation Bias
    • Seeking out information that reffirms our past choices and discounting information that contradicts past judgments.
  • Availability Bias
    • The tendency to base judgments on information that is readily avilable
  • Escalation of commitment
    • Staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence that it is wrong
  • Risk Aversion
    • Peferring a sure thing over a risky thing.
  • Hindsight Bias
    • The tendency to believe falsely that we could have accurately predicted the outcome of an event after that outcome is already known.
  • Randomness Error
    • People tend to think they can predict the outcome of random events.
• Three ethical decision criteria
  • Utilitaribanism
    • Provide the greatest good for the greatest number
    • The basic idea is to maximize utility
  • Rights
    • whistel-blower
    • make decisions consistent with fundamental liberties and privileges
  • Justice
    • impose and enforce rules fairly and impartially so that there is equal distribution of benefits and costs.
• Attribution
  • Defination
    • It is the process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior
  • Errors or Biases distort Attributions
    • Fundamental Attribution Error
      • The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate that of internal factors.
    • Self-serving basis
      • Tend to attribute their own sucesses to internal factors such as ability or effort, while putting the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive co-workers.
• Attribution theory
  • models to describe and explain the process of attribution
• Shortcuts in social perception
  • selective perception
    • A perceptual filtering process based on interest, backgroung and attitude.May allow observers to draw unwarranted conclusions from an ambiguous situation
  • halo effect
    • drawing a general impression based on a single characteristic
  • constrast effectes
    • our reaction is influenced by others we have recentlu encountered(the contact of observation)
  • stereotyping
    • judging someone on the basis of the perception of the group to which they belong
  • primary effect
    • • It refers to that the initial information of the perceiver has a strong influence on the formation of perception
  • recency effect
    • • It refers to in the process of forming the overall impression. A phenomenon in which newly acquired information has a greater impact than previously acquired information
  • Projection effect
    • • Explain the behavior of others with their own characteristics
• 3 factors that influence perception
  • perceiver
  • target
  • situation
• Define sensation perception and intution
  • Sensation
    • 人脑直接作用于感官的当前事物的个别属性的反映，如形状，色泽，气味
  • Perception
    • 人脑海中对感觉的解释
  • Intuition
    • 通常指一种不用经过太多思考过程，很快就能出现的直接想法，感觉，信念或偏好