Speech Acts Theory

Austin's Speech Acts Theory：According to traditional language usage；Accordingtorhetoricalclassification。

Speech Acts Theory

• Introduction
  • 说 做
  • 言行一致
• Austin's Speech Acts Theory
  • John Langshaw (J. L.) Austin (26, March 1911-8, February 1960)
  • According to traditional language usage
    • （1）Declarativesentence（陈述句）
    • (2)Interrogativesentence（疑问句）
    • (3)Imperativesentence（祈使句）
    • （4)Exclamatorysentence（感叹句）
  • Accordingtorhetoricalclassification
    • (1) Simple, compound and complex sentences
    • (2) Short and long sentences
    • (3)Periodic[,prarr'odrk]（掉尾句/圆周句) and loose sentences
    • (4)Elliptical(省略句）andrepetitivesentences
    • (5) Inverted and balanced sentences
    • (6) Active and passive voice sentences
    • (7)Cumulativerkju:mjalatrv了（渐进句）andanti- climax（突降句）sentences
    • (8) Declarative( PriutA]), interrogative ( hE|] 4J ), imperative(祈使句）andexclamative(感叹句）sentences
    • (9）Rhetoric（修辞问句）question
  • 4)According to functional classification
    • (1）phatic（寒暄）/'faetrk/function (2)recreational(娱乐）function (3)informative（信息 function (4) interrogative （疑问） function (5) expressive （表达 function (6) evocative （表情） function (7）directive（指令） function (8) performative (行事） function (9)metalingual（元语言)function
  • Metalingualfunction(元语言功能）
    • Language can be used to talk about itself.
  • Speech act classification of utterance
    • Traditional direct speech acts: Linguistic form basis
      • 1)Declarativesentence—statementorassertion断言 function
      • 2) Interrogative sentence-interrogative function
      • 3) Imperative sentence-directive function
      • 4) Exclamatory sentence-expressive or emotive function
    • Indirect speech acts: linguistic form basis doesnotalwaysholdwater合理；form- function is not a one-to-one relationship.
      • 1) Declarative sentence-interrogative function
      • 2) Interrogative sentence-statement or assertion function
      • 3) Interrogative sentence-directive function
  • Austin's Speech Acts Theory
    • 1)Declarations（宣告类)
    • 2)Representatives（阐述类)
    • 3)Expressives（表达类）
    • 4)Directives(指令类）
    • 5)Commissives（承诺类）
• Speech Acts Theory
  • Three levels of Austin's Speech Acts
    • 1)Locutionaryrlau'kju:fanaril言内speechacts
    • 2)illocutionary speech acts:
    • 3)Perlocutionary语效性speechacts:
  • Evaluation of Austin's SAT
    • 1). Advantages: It makes clear what elements are involved in the production and interpretation of utterances.
    • 2). Disadvantages: Implicit and explicit performatives are consequently not equivalent and it is also difficult to know exactly what the performative verb(or verbs) might be for some utterances.
• Felicity conditions of SAT
  • 子1.Generalconditions(基本条件)
  • 2.Preparatoryconditions(准备条件
  • 3.Contentconditions（内容条件）
  • 4)Sincerityconditions(真诚条件
  • 5)Essentialconditions（根本条件）
• Indirect Speech Act Theory(ISAT)
• Searle's classification of illocutionary acts:
  • 1.Assertive(陈述类）speecmact Representatives
  • 2.Directive（指令类） speech act
  • 3.Commissive（承诺类） speech act
  • 4.Expressive（表达类） speech act
  • 5.Declarative（宣告类） speech act
• Comments
  • 1. By means of the performative hypothesis Austin had been able to demonstrate that people do not use language just to make statements about the world; they also use language to perform actions, which affect or change the world in some way.
  • 2. The effect of Austin's insight revolutionized the way people look at lanquage and led directlv to the development of pragmatics as an area of linguistic investigation.
  • 3. The performative remains significant, by excellence example of "how to do things with words