生化糖代谢英文版

Carbohydrate metabolism：Breakdown、Save、Compose.

Carbohydrate metabolism

• Breakdown
  • ATP
    • anaerobic
      • Lactate production
      • Glycolysis
        • Location
          • cytoplasm
        • Pathway
          • 1.glucose→glucose 6 phosphate
            • hexokinase
            • consume ATP
            • irreversible
          • glucose 6 phosphate→frucose 6 phosphate
            • phosphohexose isomerase
            • reversible
          • frucose 6 phosphate→frucose 1,6 bisphosphate
            • rate limiting step
            • phosphofructokinase-1(PFK1)
            • consume ATP
            • irreversible
          • frucose 1,6 bisphosphate→dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
            • aldolase
          • dihydroxyacetone phosphate→glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
            • triose phosphate isomerase
          • preparatory phase
          • glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate→1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
            • glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
            • produce NADH
          • 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate→3 phosphoglycerate
            • phosphoglycerate kinase
            • produce ATP
          • 3 phosphoglycerate→2 phosphoglycerate
            • phosphoglycerate mutase
          • 2-phosphoglycerate→phosphoenolpyruvate
            • enolase
          • ⑩phosphoenolpyruvate→ pyruvate
            • pyruvate kinase
            • produce ATP
          • payoff phase
          • Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP + 2Pi →2 Pyruvate + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2ATP + 2H2O
        • Regulation
          • PFK1
            • allosteric inhibitor
              • ATP
              • citrate
            • allosteric activator
              • frucose 1,6 bisphosphate
              • frucose 2,6 bisphosphate(most strongest)
          • pyruvate kinase
            • allosteric inhibitor
              • ATP
            • allosteric activator
              • frucose 1,6 bisphosphate
          • hexokinase and glucokinase
    • aerobic
      • Pyruvate oxidative decarboxylation
      • TCA cycle
        • Location
          • prokaryote
            • cytosol
          • eukaryote
            • mitochondria
        • Synthesis of acetyl CoA
          • pyruvate→acetyl CoA
        • Pathway
          • axaloacetate→citrate
            • citrate synthase
          • citrate→cis aconitate→isocitrate
            • aconitase
          • isocitrate→α-ketoglutarate
            • Rate limiting
            • isocitrate dehydrogenase
          • α-ketoglutarate→succinyl CoA
            • a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
          • succinyl CoA→succinate
            • Succinyl-CoA synthetase
          • succinate→fumarate
            • Succinate dehydrogenase
          • fumarate→malate
            • fumarase
          • malate→oxaloacetate
            • Malate dehydrognease
          • Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + FAD + ADP + Pi + 2H2O →CoA-SH + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + FADH2 + ATP + 2 CO2
        • Regulation
          • pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
          • Citrate synthase
          • Isocitrate dehydrogenase (rate limiting)
          • Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  • No ATP
    • Pentose phosphate pathway
      • Pathway
        • Oxidative Phase
          • glucose 6-phosphate→6-phosphoglucono lactone
            • glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
          • 6-phosphoglucono lactone→6-phosphogluconate
            • lactonase
          • 6-phosphogluconate→ribose 5-phosphate
            • glucose 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
            • phosphopentose ismerase
        • Non-oxidative Phase
        • Glucose 6-phosphate +2NADP++H2O→Ribose 5-phosphate + 2(NADPH+H+)+CO2
      • Regulation
        • glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase
          • activator
            • NADP+
• Save
  • Glycogen metabolism
    • function
      • muscle
        • produce energy
      • liver
        • maintain blood glucose level
    • control
      • glycogen phosphorylase
  • Glycogen sythesis
    • important pathway
      • glucose 1-phosphate→UDP-Glc
    • control
      • glycogen synthase
• Compose
  • Gluconeogenesis
    • Location
      • liver
    • Pathway
      • consume ATP
      • pyruvate→phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)
        • biotin
        • pyruvate carboxylase
        • PEP carboxykinase
      • fructose 1,6-bisphosphate→fructose 6-phosphate
        • fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
      • Glucose 6-phosphate→Glucose
        • glucose 6-phosphatase
      • 2Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2GTP + 2NADH + 4H2O→glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 6Pi + 2NAD+ + 2H+
    • Regulation
      • substrate cycle
      • futile cycle
    • Cori cycle
      • consume ATP