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Lipid Metabolism:Fatty Acid、Metabolism of triacylglycerol、Cholesterol metabolism、Lipoprotein.
Carbohydrate metabolism:Breakdown、Save、Compose.
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Lipid Metabolism
Fatty Acid
Fatty acid breakdown
Location
prokaryote
cytosol
eukaryote
mitochondrial matrix
Pathway
activation of fatty acid
outer mitochondrial membrane
fatty acid→fatty acyl CoA
fatty acyl-CoA synthetase
ATP→AMP
transport
transport acyl-CoA from outer membrane to matrix
Vector: carnitine
β-oxidation pathway
oxidation
palmitoyl-CoA→trans enoyl-CoA
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
produce FADH2
hydration
trans enoyl CoA→β-hydroxy acyl CoA
enoyl CoA hydratase
β-hydroxy acyl CoA→β-ketoacyl CoA
β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase
produce NADH+H+
thiolysis
β-ketoacyl CoA→acetyl CoA
acyl CoA acetyltransferase
Acetyl CoA enter TCA cycle for complete oxidation
ketone body
concept
acetoacetate
3-hydroxybutyrate
acetone
procedure
location
liver
intermediate
HMG-CoA
disorder
ketosis
ketonemia
ketonuria
ketogenic-diet
Fatty acid synthesis
fatty acid synthase complex
pathway
acetyl CoA transport
citrate- pyruvate shuttle
synthesis of malonyl CoA
acetyl CoA carboxylase
cofactor:biotin
synthesis of malonyl ACP
synthesis of acetyl ACP
elongation cycle
condensation
reduction
dehydration
synthesis of palmitate: 8 Acetyl-CoA + 7 ATP + 14 NADPH + 6 H+ →Palmitate + 14 NADP+ + 8 CoA+ 6 H2O + 7ADP + 7Pi
Regulation
acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Metabolism of triacylglycerol
component
glycerol ang FA
function
major energy store and major dietary lipid
synthesis
Synthesis of glycerol 3-phoshate
Synthesis of triacylglycerol
Formation of phosphatidate
triacylglycerol formation
breakdown
triacylglycerol lipase
regulation
Hormone-sensitive triacylglycerol lipase
Cholesterol metabolism
material: acetyl- CoA
intermediate: HMG-CoA
position: liver or from diet
HMG CoA reductase
Lipoprotein
structure
Hydrophobic core
Amphipathic coat
Transport lipid around the body
type
Chylomicron(CM)
Transport exogenous triacylglycerol
intestinal mucosal cells
Very low-density lipoprotein(VLDL)
Transport endogenous triacylglycerol
Intermediate-density lipoprotein(IDL)
Low-density lipoprotein(LDL)
transport cholesterol from liver to the peripheral tissues.
from VLDL in blood
High-density lipoprotein(HDL)
transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver
liver and intestine
Transport cholesterol