跨文化交际第一单元思维导图

这是一篇关于跨文化交际第一单元思维导图的思维导图，主要内容有Reading llntercultural Communication: An Introduction、Further reading l : Stumbling Blocks in lntercultural Communication、Reading ll The challenge of globalization等。

Communication Across Cultures

• Reading I Intercultural Communication: An Introduction
  • Difference between today's intercultural contact and that of any time in the past
    • New technology
      • form: transportation and communication systems
        • accelerate intercultural contact
    • Innovative communication systems
      • Communication satellites,sophisticated television transmission equipment and digital switching networks
        • people share information and ideas instantaneously
      • the Internet, the World Wide Web, news broadcast and electronic devices
        • increase cultural contact
      • encourage and facilitate cultural interaction
    • Globalization of the economy
      • multinational corporations participate in various international business arrangements
        • further bring people together
    • Changes in immigration patternsThe
      • e.g. the United States
        • contribute to the development of expanded intercultural contact
  • The significance of culture
    • Culture is everything and everywhere.
      • Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world.
      • Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth.
      • Culture is omnipresent.
    • Culture is both teacher and textbook.
      • Culture plays a dominant role in our lives.
    • Culture is the foundation of communiacation.
      • When cultures are diverse, communication practices may be different.
    • Culture gives us the criterion of perception.
  • The major socio-cultural elements that directly influence our perception and communication
    • cultures values
      • guide both perception and behavior
    • worldview(religion)
      • A worldview is a culture's orientation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, the universe, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with"being."
    • social organizations(family and state)
      • The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institutions within that culture.
        • The family is among the oldest and most fundamental of all human institutions(a biological organism).
        • They also include one's community as well as the history of that community.
  • The significance of language for culture
    • Language is a form of preserving culture.
    • Language is a means of sharing culture.
    • Language is an organized generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system.
  • Different symbols and different responses caused by different cultures
    • the use of the word dog
      • China and Korea: Dogs are considered a culinary delight and often are eaten.
      • the United States: a quite different meaning than it does in China
    • the way people use language
      • the Arab tradition: Verbal language patterns that emphasize creative artistry by using rhetorical devices are highly valued.
      • Japan: encourage minimum verbal communication
    • the use of both gestures and postures
      • Asian cultures: The bow is much more than a greeting.(a culture's concern with status and rank)
      • Japan: Low posture during the bow indicates respect.
    • the manner people sit
      • Ghana and Turkey: Sitting with one's legs crossed is extremely offensive.
      • Thailand: The feet should never be pointed at a person./People avoid stamping with feet.
    • the display of facial expressions
      • Mediterranean cultures: People exaggerate emotions.
      • the United States: White males suppress the desire to show emotions.
      • Japan: People hide expressions of emotions.
    • non-verbal communication
      • Germany: both women and men shake hands at the outset of every social encounter.
      • the United States: Women and men shake hands at the outset of every social encounter.
      • the Arab culture: Men often greet each other by kissing and hugging.
      • Thailand: People don't touch in public.
    • Concepts and uses of time
      • most western cultures: think of time in lineal-spatial terms
      • Americans are time-bound.
      • The Germans and the Swiss are even more aware of time than Americans.
      • Mexico and Africa: A slow pace is valued.
    • the use of space
      • Arabs and Latins: tend to interact more closely than do North Americans
      • North Americans: prefer to sit facing or at right angles to one another.
      • Chinese: prefer side-by-side seating
• Further reading I : Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication
  • Assumption of similarities
  • Language differences
  • Nonverbal misinterpretations
  • Preconceptions and stereotypes
    • be firmly established as myths or truisms by one's own culture and sometimes rationalize prejudices
    • be sustained and fed by the tendency to perceive selectively only those pieces of new information that correspond to the images we hold
  • Tendency to evaluate
    • the goal of admonition
      • to look and listen empathetically rather than through the thick screen of value judgements that impede a fair and total understanding
  • High anxiety
• Reading II The challenge of globalization
  • what is globalization
    • the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market
    • time-spacescompression
      • the increasing global mobility of people
      • the impact of new electronic media on human communications
      • two ways to occur
  • the challenge in a global economy
    • incorporating diverse populations, cultures and subcultures
      • Intercultural education is essential.
    • environmental issues
    • diseases that know no boundaries
    • global instability
  • the solution
    • minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with one another
• Communication in the Global Village
  • enlarging appreciation of diverse cultures
  • find ways of gaining entrance into the world of another culture
  • need more than simply greater factual knowledge of each other
  • need to identify what distinguish one culture from another
  • mutual respect and sufficient curiosity to overcome the frustrations of occurrence of misunderstanding