专英思维导图

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Respiratory System(I)

• The Airways and Blood Vessels
  • pharynx
    • esophagus
    • larynx
      • vocal cords
      • opens into a long tube
      • airways
        • The conducting zone
        • The respiratory zone
  • The blood
    • :numerous branchings
• The Protective System of Respiration
  • cilia
  • glands
  • epithelial cells
    • :secrete mucus
  • The airway epithelium
    • :secretes watery fluid mucus
  • macrophages
    • a second protective mechanism against infection
• Site of Gas Exchange :The Alveoli
  • open ends are continuous with the lumens of the airways
  • alveolar wall
    • the air in two adjacent alveoli is separated
    • type I alveolar cells
    • type II alveolar cells
    • capillaries
    • interstitial space
      • interstitial fluid
      • loose meshwork of connective tissue
• Expiration
  • primary changes in the dimensions of the thoraxduring expiration force virtually identical changes in the dimensions of the kungs
  • air flows from the alveoli through the airways out into the atmosphere
  • expiration of larger volumes by contraction of intercostal muscles and the abdominal muscles
• Inspiration
  • contraction of the diaphragm and the “inspiratory”intercostal muscles located between the ribs
  • contraction of these muscles upsets the stability
    • 大踏步
• Relation of the Lungs to the Thoracic Wall
  • thorax
    • lungs
    • heart
    • the compartment of the body between the neck and the abdomen
    • bounded at the neck by muscles and connective tissue
    • diaphragm completely separated from the abdomen
    • The wall of the thorax
      • the spinal
      • the ribs
      • the breastbone
      • the intercostal muscles
      • elastic connective tissue
  • The relationship between a lung and its pleural sac can be visualized when push a fist into a balloon