导图社区 考研英语翻译思维导图
关于考研英语翻译部分的思维导图整理,整理了题型 分值、考点 评分标准、训练方法、解题步骤、真题词汇、语法结构的内容,可用于考前冲刺!
编辑于2023-03-05 23:15:09 江苏省考研英语翻译
题型/分值
分值总共 10 分, 2分/句
题型文章截取 5 句话
命题原则 不具时效性,来源于专业著作(多)或期刊论文(少)
最难年份1998,1999,2011,2012,2013
时间规划总共控制在 25min 以内,平均每句5min
考点/评分标准
三大法则
准确/大意相同
可蒙原意思
通顺/说人话
学会调整语序,熟意引申,可以适当增加额外词语使得连接通顺
完整
要有句子完整结构
书写
只要不各种涂抹,就不会扣分
考点
单词
专有名词
词组
多义词
句子结构
四大结构
定从、状从、被动、并列
分析
主干、词性、主句、从句、结构
例句
(2010 年 46 题,25 words)Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
科学家迅速(jumped to)提出一些明显(distinctly)不充分/站不住脚(shaky摇晃的;引申)的条件去挽救(这种局面)。大意是说(to the effect that)如果鸟类没有办法控制昆虫,则昆虫将要吃光我们。
训练方法
是否只做真题就够?
如果基础好,真题完全足够.掌握20句翻译入门,掌握50句翻译【至少7分以上】基础不好,把刘晓燕/田静老师的长难句进行翻译,按照同样的训练方法练习。翻译核心还是单词量,长难句结构分系。都是基本功,所以前期单词+长难句的重要性便体现出来。
怎么训练?
1.**多写**汉字翻译,光说不练手上没感觉2.**掌握每一个句子,弄清每一个单词**;尤其是对于真题中结构相似,或者重复出现的单词,必须掌握。掌握就是拿分,拿分就是离上岸更近一步。3.多总结归纳,翻译是一个逻辑,找到总结自己能够理解和使用的逻辑【内化】。
前期怎么学习?
前期打好基础【单词+长难句】看唐静老师的网课入门,规划一条自己学习的路线。之后就动手翻译
解题步骤
拆分组合、翻译调序
语境
快速扫读
大致理解文章意思,便于在名词部分快速确定具体引申翻译内容
完整
成句(句内)
对有完整结构的句子,将汉字组成句子常见问题】1.生词2.熟词但翻译不通顺解决办法:**猜,但不是瞎猜,而是有根据的猜**Q&A】为什么机器翻译总感觉很怪,就是因为直译1.如果意思把握不准,猜也猜不出来,就直译2.如果直译感觉很怪,不像说人话,同时结合上下文,猜的意思更合理,就写猜测的意思。**直译肯定的得不到分,猜还有点机会翻译的准确性,不是说把词的某个意思翻译出来就有分,而是必须合理符合上下文意思**例如:02/65)a technology of behavior行为的科技(错) ;(研究)行为的科技 (对)错误部分虽然有翻译出科技,不过这个短语翻译的不讲人话,还是得扣分given credit for his achievements.把信用给他们的成绩这里应该是:他的成绩应该得到**认可**所以,翻译出来 不通畅的/不将人话的就猜意思翻译。由于一个单词具有多义,所以我们在单词记忆的时候,千万不要直接记中文。要结合不同的例句去记忆,在复习的时候即是认不出也要尝试通过句子去推导本意。这样才会更好的训练翻译
08,50)I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. 50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character
我几乎失去了照相和音乐的**兴趣(taste)**.**达尔文(常识必须准确)**确信(convinced),这些兴趣的失去(loss)[没有了这些爱好],不仅是一种快乐的失去(loss)[少了一种乐趣],但可能还会对思维能力(intellect)有损坏,并且更会导致道德品德下降(loss)。单词】taste口味;兴趣intellect思维能力;智力;情报
(0546)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed, and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in recent events in Europe
电视是一种激发(created)和传递(conveyed)感情的方式,并且可能在(状语前置)连接不同的名族(peoples)和国家(nations)就像最近在欧洲的事件以前从来没有中起到如此大的作用(served so much)
(0646)I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems
我将把知识分子定义为这样一个人(individual),他已经选择了(in 定于前置)以苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题的活动作为他首要的责任和生活中快乐。
成段(句间)
对于并列、状从、定从等结构进行适当调序
先主后次
先翻译主干,再翻译修饰部分
分析结构
利用所学长难句结构分析方式,把从句;并列等结构划分出来
准确/通顺
改中文
把最后翻译好的结果,在按照中文的语法结构进行调整和修改**对于可加可不加词保证通顺的就一定不要加**
真题词汇
固定翻译
人名
科学界
Socratic 苏格拉底
Charles Robert Darwin 达尔文
Marie Curie 玛丽居里
Albert Einstein 爱因斯坦
Stephen William Hawking 斯蒂芬 威廉 霍金
政治家
Clinton 克林顿
Bush 布什
Donald Trump 唐纳德·特朗普
别翻译成 川普
企业
Toyota 丰田
Honda 本田
Twitter 推特
WeChat 微信
了解即可
Boas and Sapir 鲍亚士 和 萨丕尔
Sapir,Edward 萨丕尔 美国人类学家,语言学家。美国艺术和科学院院士著有《语言论》Franz Boas法兰兹·鲍亚士“美国人类学之父”的名号;也是语言学家,美国语言学研究的先驱
Joshua Greenberg 格林伯格
格林伯格
Ted Ning 泰德宁
Galiloe 伽利略
Greeks 希腊人
Alan Gillbert 艾伦·吉尔伯特
地名
maine 缅因州
Silicon valley 硅谷
Atlantic 大西洋
Pacific Ocean 太平洋
专有名词
artificial intelligence(AI) 人工智能
代词后指
混淆易忘
语法结构
三大结构
定于从句
结构
六大特征
名词/名词性代词+引导词
时间名词+when
地点名词+where
reason+why
(as引导的限制性定语从句)
don't read such books as you can't understand = don't read the books (that) you can't understand
this is the book for which you asked
介词+which/whom
常见引导词
与同位语区分
在 名词/名词性代词+引导词 这一结构上,和同位语都是一样的用从句向前修饰。而同位语从句一般引导词后面跟着某指代对象,且该对象和引导词前修饰的对象是同一个物/事
翻译顺序
前置
方法
把定从内容翻译至它所修饰的先行词前,并常用"的"进行连接
真题例句
(2003, 61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify // the environment (in which they live), thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.
将 in which they live 提前此外,人们有能力去改善(modify)**他们所居住(定语前置)**的环境,**从而(thus)**使得所有其他的生命形态服从(subjecting to)于人类自己(their)独特的(peculiar)想法和幻想(fancies)
(2004, 62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples (who spoke them) died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.
as【随着、作为、像、因为、**由于**】我们之所以感谢(obliged to)他们是因为,其中一些语言从此以后(have since)已经消失了,由于那些**讲这种语言(定于前置)的民族(peoples)**,灭亡(die out)或者被同化进而(and)失去了他们的本民族语言(native language)
(2006, 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems (which involve moral judgment.)
短语】be more than + n.不仅是be more than + adj. 非常(表程度)little or no + adj. 几乎或根本没有reflect on/upon 对...的思考/想法他们可能教书教的特别好并且不只是为了获得他们的薪水,但是他们大多数(人)对【涉及道德判断】的人类问题几乎或者一点也没有独立的思考。
(2011, 46) 【插入语 -X-翻译方式】 Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share--that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts--and reveal its erroneous nature.
【翻译方法】插入语主要是修饰或则就是同位语所以把相关内容提前,**XXX 即 插入语**然后原句中所提到的部分用 **这**带入【译文】我们都认同一个假设([插入语] **即**因为我们不是机器人因此我们能控制自己的想法)。艾伦的贡献在于,拿出(take)这个假设并揭示其(its)错误的本质(erroneous nature)
后置
方法
结构复杂,从句套从句,嵌套并列多
从句内容太多,如果前置则会太冗长,翻译不通顺
真题例句
(1997, 71) 【常考转述动词/there be 句型翻译】Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, (which is something the world does not have.)
**短语】****account**agreed account共识 n.on account of 因为...由于...为了...的缘故例句:He could not come on account of his illness.他因病不能前来。account for 对…负有责任;对…做出解释;说明……的原因例句:He could not account for his absence from school.他无法说明他旷课的原因**不要把这里的 account of 和 on account of 理解混了,这里是 A of B的结构****常见转述动词】**assume,believe,assert,claimmaintain,contend,validate,statedemostrate,be convinced that**There be 句型】**1.状语+有2.增加"人们、大家、我们"等泛指主语3.直接用动词"有、出现、存在"等开头**原句翻译】**事实上,它并非如此,这种税法(it)假设人们(there is)对于人权有一致认识,(而)这种一致认识(which is something) 却在世界上并不存在
(2001, 73) 【人名地名翻译 / of 翻译方式】 Pearson has pieced together (the work of hundreds of researchers around the world) to produce a unique millennium technology calendar (that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.)
相关短语】the latest date(距离最近的日期)在描述过去事件时,用**最新**翻译在描述未来要发生的事件时,用**最晚**翻译of 的翻译】如果不是短语固定搭配,则 A of B 翻译为 B 的 A原句翻译】皮尔森将 世界范围内数百位研究人员的**研究成果(work)**汇集(pieced)到一起,编制(produce)了一个独特的千年技术日历,给出(when)我们所能够期待数百项关键技术的突破以及发现发生的 最迟的日期
(2001, 71) 【单词引申的翻译方式 / 被动主动译】There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors (that will disable them when they offend.)
单词多意】television 电视 、电视机、电视节目offend 冒犯disable 使残废,使不能运转引申翻译】例:**move**Don't move.不许动!Share prices moved ahead today.股票价格今日上扬The story of their sufferings moved us deeply.他们的苦难经历深深打动了我们。Work on the new building is moving quickly. 新大楼的工程进展得很快原句翻译】以后将要出现由机器人所主持的(hosted by robots被动主动译)电视聊天节目(**show不能翻译为"秀"**),还会有安装有(with 引申)污染监控装置的小汽车,当污染超标时(offend),污染监控器(明确指代最好翻译出来)将使得小汽车不能继续行驶(disabled)
(2005, 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics (that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.)
难点分析】名词/代词 + alone 表示强调,仅仅television busniess 电视(行业)none of your busniess (事情)与你无关eazy world(引申为行业或者领域)out of 在/从原句翻译】仅仅这一点(足以)证明在电视行业例中存并不那么容易,统计数据也强调(underline)了(这一)事实。统计数据表明表明来自于在(out of)八十个欧洲电视网络()中不少于(no less than)50%于一九八九年出现了亏损。
(2003,62) 【拆分找到考点】Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry //which seeks to study humans and their endeavors (in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner )that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
混淆词】enquiry 询问、探索inquiry 调查intellct/intelligenceintellect和intelligence的区别:释义不同、用法不同、侧重点不同。一、释义不同:intellect和intelligence都有“智力”的意思,但是除此之外,intelligence还有“情报工作”的意思。二、用法不同:intellect,通常用来表达有才能的人;而intelligence, 则是个统称,没有什么感情色彩的, 比如animal intelligence(动物的智力 )、artificial intelligence(人工智能)等三、侧重点不同intellect强调能力,而intelligence强调的是智慧(**智能**)。intellect侧重不受感情或意志左右的冷静思考或领悟能力,有思考的含义。intelligence指处理或对付问题或情况的特殊才智;也指运用、展开智慧的能力。原句翻译】社会科学是(that)知识探索的一个分支,它(which)试图(seeks to)以(in 前置)自然科学家们所用于研究自然现象(phenomena)那样同样**理性(reasoned)**、有序、系统、**冷静(dispassioned)**的方式(manner)来研究(study)人类和他们的行为(endeavors)
(2008,50) I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.
状语从句
状语从句的表现词可以记忆,并用于作文写作中铭记翻译时,完整结构从后往前看
时间状从
主要表现
before(在…前)after(在…后)once(一旦…)until, till(直到…才,如果不…)as soon as(一…就)
when(当…的时候)whenever(每当…)as(当…时,随着)while(在…期间,正当…的时候,在…的同时)since(自从…,从那之后)
(since引导从句) 自从It has been more than two years since we parted last time.
(since单个副词作状语)从那之后She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper.
特殊表现
the moment, the minute(一…就),immediately, every time(一…就),no sooner... than(一…就),hardly(scarcely)... when(一…就)
翻译方法
一般翻译到主句之前
真题例句
(2001, 71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, /and cars with pollution monitors// that will disable them// when they offend.
(2004, 61) The Greeks assumed //that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, //which took root in Europe //long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
希腊人认为语言的结构与思维的过程有(some)某种联系【some不翻译为一些的原因在于,some后面所跟的名词为单数形式】,(which)这种观点早在人们认识到语言能够如此多样化之前(how ... could be如此),就扎根在欧洲了。
原因状从
主要表现
because(因为)since(既然,由于),as(因为)now that(既然)
特殊表现
seeing that, considering that,in view of the fact that(既然,考虑到,因为,鉴于in that(因为,原因在于)
Seeing (that) the weather is bad, we'll stay at home. 因为天气不好, 我们要呆在家里了.
These two areas are similar in that they both have a high rainfall during this season. 这两个地区之所以相似,是因为在这个季节降雨量都很高。
because of,on account ofdue to ,thanks toattribute to,owing tofor the reason...,as a result of
翻译方法
一般需要把原因状语从句翻译到主句之前,构成“前因后果”的顺序;如果原因太长,有时候也可以采用后置“之所以…是因为”。
真题例句
(2002, 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change //partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and //partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分是因为解释性的依据(explanatory items)经常是直接被观测到的,并且还有部分原因是其他种类的解释一直(have been hard)很难被找到。
(2009, 49) Since our chief business with them is //to enable them to share in a common life //we cannot help considering /whether or no we are forming the powers// which will secure this ability.
由于我们面对年起人主要的任务(business),是使他们在普通生活中懂得去分享。我们情不自禁的思考,我们是否有正在形成着能够确保他们能实现这种能力的力量。
(2000, 73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants //and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, //while governments are often forced //to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
be exposed to 面对,接触introduce 介绍、引入由于大众通讯的显著发展,各地人民正感到这种心需求,并且正在接触新的习俗和观点,然而(while) 由于上诉原因(for the reasons given above)各地政府不得不引导进一步的革新。
让步状从
主要表现
though(虽然),although(虽然),even if(即使),while(尽管),whatever(无论什么),wherever(无论哪里),whoever(无论谁),however(无论怎样),whichever (无论哪一个),no matter(不论,不管),whereas(但是,却,尽管),whether (不管,不论)
特殊表现
建议记忆并用于作文中
for all that(尽管)in spite of the fact that,despite the fact that(尽管)
翻译方法
形式主语翻译方法 1)置于句首,用“…的是,…”的句型。2)先翻译真正的主语部分,用“…,这是…的”的句型。 It is important for me to master translation.对 我 而言 掌握翻译 是 很重要 的
真题例句
(2007, 50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, //it is preferable for journalists to// rely on their own notions of significance //and make their own judgments.
尽管来自于律师的评论和反馈可能增强报道,而对新闻记者而言更可取的是,依赖于他们自己对重要性的理解(notions of significance 价值观)和做出他们自己的评判是更加可取的。
条件状从
主要表现
if(如果),unless(除非,如果不)
I will not go to the party unless I’m invited.如果他们不邀请我,我不会去参加舞会的。if only(但愿,要是...就好了)
特殊表现
on condition that(如果,只要)as long as, so long as
I’ll let you go on condition that you never waste money.只要你不乱花钱,我就让你去。As long as you keep on trying, you will surely succeed.只要你一直坚持努力,你肯定会成功。
only, only that, only if(只要,只有)
I would do it with pleasure,only l am not too busy.只要我不是太忙,我乐意干这项工作。
provided that, granted that,given that, suppose that(如果,假如,假定)providing that, granting that, supposing that(如果,假如)
Suppose it will rain tomorrow , what shall we do? 假如明天下雨,怎么办?Given that she is interested in children, I am sure teaching is the right career for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子, 我可以肯定教书是最适合她的职业.
翻译方法
翻译到主句前是最佳位置
真题例句
(2010, 46) Scientists jumped to the rescue /with some distinctly shaky evidence //to the effect //that insects would eat us up //if birds failed to control them.
科学家迅速(jumped to)提出一些明显(distinctly)不充分/站不住脚(shaky摇晃的;引申)的条件去挽救(这种局面)。大意是说(to the effect that)如果鸟类没有办法控制昆虫,则昆虫将要吃光我们。
(1998, 74) If the small hot spots look as expected, //that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, //a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
如果这些小的热点被期待的那样,(that will be)那将是(yet 这里表强调)又一科学理论(scientific idea)的胜利,即更加完善的大爆炸理论,被称为宇宙膨胀理论。
目的状从
主要表现
so that(为了,以便),lest(以防),in case(以防,以免),for fear that(以防)in order that(为了)
He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear thathe should awake her.为了不惊醒她,他轻轻推开房门,悄悄地溜了出去。
He emphasized it again and again, lest she should forget.他反复强调这一点,免得她忘了。
(阅读真题2001年第5篇第8句)What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.
confess v.1 (承认(错误、罪行等),供认,坦白She finally confessed (to having stolen the money).
翻译方法
前用“为了”,后用“以免”
结果状从
主要表现
so...that, such...that, to such a degree thatto such an extent that
翻译方法
“结果是…,如此...以致于...”,直接翻译
被动结构
主要表现
be+V-ed
基本原则
英语多用被动,汉语多用主动
翻译方法
汉语用主动
主语不变,省略“被”字
主宾颠倒,用by, in等介词后面的动作执行者充当主语
翻译为汉语的判断句,用“是…的”这样的结构翻译
用“我们…,有人….,人们….,大家…”等泛指主语或者增加“这”等词充当主语
被动翻译使用“被、受、遭、让、给、由、把、得到、受到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来”等等
汉语仍保留被动
例句
其他结构
with结构
```1.(表示关系)和…在一起2.(表示状态)具有, 带有3.(表示方式)用, 以, 藉4.(表示对象)对…, 关于5.(表示伴随)与此同时, 随着6.(表示让步)虽然, 尽管7.(表示原因)由于, 因为8.(表示态度)支持, 赞同9.(表示态度)跟(…对抗)10.与…对立;反对11.包括;还有12.与…方向一致;顺着13.由…持有;由…负责14.为…工作;受雇于;利用…的服务15.虽然;尽管16.在…旁边;在…附近;在…身边17.在…之中;进入…之中18.关于;就…而言19.比较而言;与…相比较20.同样;完全一样21.同意的;和谐的22.支持;站在…一边 介词 prep.```