Roman Civilization

《西方文明史》古罗马文明部分英文思维导图，内容有The Regal Age王政时代1500-753-509 BC、The Republic Age 共和时代510-146-27 BC、The Empire Age 帝国时代27BC-395AD-476-1453。

Roman Civilization

• The Regal Age王政时代 1500-753-509 BC
  • The founding of Rome: 七丘之城
    • Tiber River台伯河
    • Palatine帕拉丁山→most earliest villages
    • Capitoline卡皮托利山→acropolis卫城
    • Etruscan kings伊特鲁里亚诸王→forum: public meeting place, heart of city,reflect small cities to empire
      • Sacred Way神道 The Golden Milestone金色里程碑 Comitium卡米提乌姆→the citizens assembly Saint Luca圣鲁卡教堂 Saint Magartina圣马革提那教堂 Curia库里亚→the meeting place of the Roman Senate
  • The western mediterranean to 509 B.C.E.→ From Latin Rome to Etruscan Rome and Italian Rome
    • First
      • Greeks and Phoenicians
    • Then
      • Villanovans维兰诺瓦人
        • new arrivals: warriors→pushing the indigenous society westward
          • share no common organization or identity, but all spoke related lndo-European languages→Italic古意大利语, including Latin
      • Carthage迦太基
        • Phoenician presence
          • Punic Wars布匿战争
            • integrating other cities and peoples into its mercenary military and thus sharing the burden of warfare
    • More
      • Etruscan civilization伊特鲁里亚文明
        • first great civilization in Italy
          • Underworld gods, fertility cults, high status of women
          • Unrelated to any other language
          • Cremating their dead
        • maritime power
          • was defeated in Cumae
        • never developed into a centralized empire
          • These republican institutions→later Roman republican
• The Republic Age 共和时代 510-146-27 BC
  • From City to Empire
    • Farmers and soldiers
      • Simple, straightforward actions
        • 辛辛那图斯Cincinnatus 贺拉提乌斯·科克列斯Horatius Cocles 路克雷蒂亚Lucretia
    • Prefer concrete models to abstract principles
      • The clear-cut models
  • Latin Rome
    • The Alban Hills
      • south of the Tiber
      • Alban League阿尔巴联盟
        • Roma Quadrata 罗马·奎德拉塔
  • Etruscan Rome
    • Latium 拉丁姆
      • Etruria to the north and Greater Greece to the south
        • In between lay a marshy region punctuated by hills
      • Etruscans political, religious, and economic traditions
      • As Latium became an integral part of the Etruscan world, the Tiber became an important commercial route.
        • For the first time, Rome began to enter the wider orbit of Mediterranean civilization.
  • Rome and Italy
    • Etruscan decline
      • The Early Republic: patrician oligarchic republics (patrician supremacy)
        • At the expense of the plebs
          • Patricians vs Plebs
            • Censors 审查员
            • Cursus honorum 晋升体系（荣耀之路）
            • The Struggle of Order阶级争斗
            • Monopolized the Senate and the magistracies
  • Republican Civilization
    • Overwhelmed by Hellenistic civilization
    • Farmers and Soldiers →citizens Cavalry 骑兵
    • Valued authority, simplicity and piety → led Rome to greatness
    • The rich and the poor rubbed shoulders every day.
  • Roman Religion
    • Every man had his genius, just as every woman had her juno.
  • Republican Letters
    • dead language
      • 拉丁字母---伊特鲁里亚字母-----腓尼基字母------闪米特字母
    • The birth of Latin letters began with Rome’s exposure to Greek civilization.
    • The Law of the Twelve Tables 十二铜表法
  • The Crisis of Roman Virtue
    • 3 fortunes : bribes, corruption, live on
    • Magistrates & successful commanders far from senatorial control
    • Romans found themselves in a dilemma
    • A century of bitter civil strife and the disintegration of the republic
• The Empire Age 帝国时代 27BC-395AD-476-1453
  • Early Empire 27B.C.-325A.D
    • The Altar of Augustan Peace 奥古斯都和平祭坛
  • Later Empire 325-1453 A.D.
    • Roman victory defeated the republic.
    • The Price of Empire
      • Winners and losers
        • winners---the optimates military commander the equites 骑士阶级，特权市民阶层
      • Slave revolts one third of the total population (free citizens of Hellenistic states )
        • Gladiator 角斗士 Spartacus 斯巴达克斯 Naples那不勒斯
    • The end of the republic
      • Rome had solved neither the problem of internal conflict nor that of how to govern its enormous empire.
      • Civil Wars: Marius vs Sulla
        • In 79 B.C.E, his reforms in place, Sulla stepped down to allow a return to oligarchic republican rule. His changes did not solve the fundamental problems. The only real political option was a dictatorship by a powerful individual with his own army.
      • The Big Three of Rome vs. senates
        • Pompey 庞培
          • command over all of the coasts of the Mediterranean
        • Crassus 克拉苏
          • suppressing the Spartacus rebellion whose wealth was legendary “no one should be called rich who is not able to maintain an army on his income”
        • Julius Caesar 凯撒
          • Gaul 高卢 Rhine莱茵河 Gallic Wars 高卢战争
      • Divine Augustus
        • The first citizen 第一公民
        • The Augustan Age and The Pax Romana 罗马和平 (lasted for about 200 years)
        • restore Roman piety, morality, sacred order, and faith emperor worship
        • the first and greatest emperor. 元首制