消化系统gastrointestinal 认识胃肠道

医学生加油鸭！生理生化稳住，最近我在肝生化ing大家等待我的好消息哟

gastrointestinal 认识胃肠道

• oral cavity 口腔
  • chewing 咀嚼
    • physical breakdown 物理分解
  • morcellation 分解
  • hydrolysis 水解
    • enzyme assisted 辅酶
  • enzymatic 酶
  • bolus 食团
• esophagus 食道
  • propel bolus 传递食团
• stomach 胃
  • churning 搅拌
  • hydrolysis 水解
    • fluid type of substance 液态物质
  • store 储存
    • 4 liters of food 4升食物
  • chyme 食糜
    • gastric enzyme 胃酶
    • juice 胃液
  • three steps
    • it churns this bolus or churns the food 搅动食团
    • The muscular wall of stomach it to comppress down and break up food
    • hydrolysis 水解作用
  • infold 内褶
    • increase the surface area 增加表面积
    • a layer of cell 单层细胞
      • secretes a lot of the components of the gastric juice
      • 分泌胃液组成部分
  • 
  • three types of cells
    • parietal 壁细胞
      • that is released hydrochloric acid
      • 释放盐酸
    • chief cell 主细胞
      • that is released pepsinogen
      • 释放胃蛋白酶原
      • that is inactive form of the enzyme(无活性存在)
    • mucus cell 粘液细胞
      • that released mucin(粘液)
      • 释放粘液
      • coating 涂层
      • to make sure that things like pepsin or HCl don't degrade the stomach
      • 不被降解胃
  • pepsin(胃蛋白酶)itself only degrades one type of nutrient and that's protein
• duodenum 十二指肠
  • This receives the chyme that just got processed in the stomach
  • The most breakdown(深度分解) of food product
  • stomach(chyme，HCl)
  • deliver/lire（bile 胆汁）
    • bile salt 胆盐
    • bile pigment 胆色素
  • pancrea 胰腺
    • enzyme
  • brush border enzyme 刷状缘酵素
    • very important for activation of certain enzymes
    • 激活酶发挥作用
  • brush border 刷状缘
    • 
  • villi 绒毛
    • microvilli 微绒毛
    • 
• small intestine 小肠
  • hydrolysis 水解
  • absorption of nutrient 营养吸收
  • villi 绒毛
  • four major molecule(hydrolysis)
    • protein 蛋白质
      • chymotrysinogen 糜蛋白酶原
      • trypsinogen 胰蛋白酶
      • brush border 刷状缘
        • enteropeptidase 肠肽酶
        • brush border enzyme 刷状缘酶
      • protein are just chains of amino acids(氨基酸)
      • peptide bond 肽键
    • carbohydrates 碳水化合物
      • brush border 刷状缘
        • lactase 乳糖酶
      • simple sugars 单糖
        • glucose 葡萄糖
        • galactose 半乳糖
      • disaccharide 二糖
        • lactose 乳糖
      • polysaccharide 多糖
      • glycosidic 糖苷键
    • nucleotides 核苷酸
      • brush border 刷状缘
      • nucleosidases 核苷酸酶
      • phosphate group 磷酸基
      • ribose sugar 核糖
      • base 碱基
    • fat 脂肪
      • lipase 脂肪酶
      • bile 胆汁
      • fatty acid tail 脂肪酸
  • four major molecule transformation(absorption)
    • amino acids
      • primary active transport(原发性主动转运)
      • energy from ATP
      • active transport 主动运输
      • 
      • go to the blood capillary 去往毛细血管
    • sugar
      • secondary active transport(继发性主动转运)
      • energy from sending up an ion gradient 离子梯度浓度
      • 
      • go to the blood capillary 去往毛细血管
    • nucleotides
      • primary active transport(原发性主动转运)
    • fat
      • nonpolar tail 无极性的尾巴
      • chylomicron 乳糜颗粒
      • too big to go to the blood capillary
      • into lymphatic 淋巴
      • they will end up in veins 静脉
• jejunum 空肠
  • the most absorption(吸收) occurs
• ileum 回肠
  • absorbed vitaminB12\A\D\E\K
• large intestine 大肠(colon 结肠)
  • absorption 吸收
  • water
  • ion
  • vitaminK
• rectum 直肠
  • storage 储存
• anus 肛门
• pancreas 胰腺
  • amylase 淀粉酶
  • lipase 脂肪酶
• liver
• pepsinogen
• hydrochloric acid