语言学思维导图

语言学是研究语言的科学，涵盖语言的结构、功能和发展。它探究语音、语法、词义和语言使用等各个方面，并研究语言如何随时间演变，以及语言在社会文化中的作用。语言学分为理论和应用两个领域，理论语言学关注语言的普遍原理，而应用语言学则关注语言知识在特定领域的实际应用，如教育、翻译等。

语言学

• speech organ(发音器官）
  • the vocal tract(声道）：the pharynx(咽), mouth and nose
  • the mouth: the oral cavity(口腔)
  • the nose: the nasal cavity(鼻腔)
• consonants(辅音)
  • vocal folds(声带振动)
    • voiceless(清音)
      • p t k f s h
    • voiced(浊音)
      • b d g v z w l m n
    • glottal(喉塞音)
  • manner of articulation(发音方式）
    • stop(plosive)爆破音(塞音)
      • p b t d k g
    • fricative摩擦音
      • f s s z h
    • affricate破擦音
    • liquids流音
      • l r
    • nasal鼻音
      • m n
    • glides滑音
      • j w
  • place of articulation(发音位置)
    • bilabial双唇音
      • p b m w
    • labiodental唇齿音
      • f v
    • dental齿音
    • alveolar齿龈音
      • t d n s z r l
    • postalveolar后齿龈音
    • palatal硬腭音
      • j
    • velar软腭音
      • k g
    • glottal声门音
• vowel(元音)
  • pure/monophthong vowel(纯元音或单元音)
  • diphthong 双元音
    • the height of the tongue raising: high, mid, low
    • the position of the highest part of the tongue: front, central, back
    • the length of tenseness of the vowel: tense, lax or long, short
    • lip-rounding: round, unround
  • triphthong三重元音
• The sounds of English(英语发音）
  • describe consonants(辅音描写)
    • voicing
    • place of articulation
    • manner of articulation
  • describe vowel( 元音描写)
• phonetics(语音学)
  • definition: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages, it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.
  • phone音子： a phonetic unit or segment.(语音学单位）The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don't
  • coarticulation(协同发音）
    • anticipatory coarticulation逆化协同发音
    • perseverative coarticulation重复性协同发音
• phonology(音系学)
  • definition：the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are orgnized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.
  • phoneme音素：a phonological unit(音系学单位),it is a unit of distinctive value,an abstract unit,not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context.
    • eg: the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently.
  • minimal pairs(最小对立体): when two different forms are identical(the same) in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.
    • eg: [t] and [d] : tin/din, tie/die
    • [i:] and [i] : beat/bit, bead/bid
  • allophones音位变体： [ ]are two differebt phones and are variants of the phoneme /p/, such variants of a phoneme are called allophones(音位变体) of the same phoneme.
    • phonetic similarity( 语音相似性）: the allophones of a phoneme must bear some phonetic resemblance(语音相似）
    • free variants(自由变体) and free variation(自由变异)
      • Apart from complementary distribution, a phoneme may sometimes have free variants
      • Free variation is also seen in regional differences.Either, direction.
  • some rules of phology
    • sequential rules 顺序规则
    • assimilation rules 同化规则
    • deletion rules 删除规则
  • phonological rules
    • assimilation 同化规则
    • epenthesis 增音规则
    • rule ordering 规则变化
    • rule inordering 不规则变化
  • distinctive features区别性特征
    • obstruents 阻音
    • sonorants 响音
    • binary features 二元特征
  • suprasegmentals 超音段特征
    • syllable 音节
    • stress 重音
    • tone 腔调
    • intonation 声调，语调