twice invaded by Roman troops led by Julius Caesar凯撒大帝 and was invaded again by the Romans under Claudius克劳狄一世
became a Roman province
43AD-5th c
the native Celt were driven to the mountainous regions of Scotland and Wales
ending the Roman occupation
in 410
Germanic barbarians attacked Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain in order to defend their own nation
the Angles(E,M,N), the Saxons(S,M) and the Jutes(S) landed in Britain. - drove the Britons to the mountains
English replaced the old Celtic language as the dominant language - (the land of the Angles)
Roman Christianity
by the late 7th c
Roman Christianity became the dominant religion in Britain
the power shifted between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes
in the 8th c
the Vikings VS the Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝
seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms七王国（暂时联合）
Edward the Confessor2（忏悔者爱德华） died
in 1066
Duke William of Normandy (later be crowned in Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂) defeated Harold of Wessex at the battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯.
the Norman Conquest of England marked the establishment of feudalism封建制度 in England.
(William1-William the Conqueror)
the House of Anjou安茹王朝（the House of Plantagenet金雀花王朝）
by 1154
Henry2 - reform of the courts and the laws(the court of justice, introduced the jury system陪审团制度 and institutionalized common law)
the Magna Carta大宪章(the Great Charter)
on June 15,1215
Dissatisfied with John's leadership, the lords forced him to sign it
clauses条款
the King could not exact强求 payment from the vassals封臣 without their consent
no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their freedom unless they are convincted according to the law of the land
merchants should be allowed to move about freely
there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country
traditional rights and privileges should be given to the towns
Progressive significance
granted the townspeople freedom of trade and self-government
The merchants and craftsmen appeared for the first time as a political force
The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of the Britich constitutionalism
Simon de Montfort，被视为现代议会制的创始人之一
in 1258
Drafted the Provisons of Oxford, which attempted to limit the King's power by calling regular meetings of a 15-member Privy Council枢密院. It was replaced in 1259 by the Provisions of Westminster《威斯敏斯特条例》
2 Wars
in the 14th-15th
The hundred Years' War (England&France) :raised the social position of the bourgeois class资产阶级
The Wars of the Roses: a series of civil wars between two great noble families(the House of York约克王朝-white & the House of Lancaster兰开斯特王朝-red)
the House of Lancaster won and Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor都铎王朝（1485-1603）
Under the Tudors, England became a national state with an efficient centralized government and started changing from a medieval to a modern country
2: Transition to the Modern Age
The Reformation
the immediate cause for the Reformation: King Henry VIII's attempt to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon
he issued the Act of Supremacy至尊法案
In 1534
(Mary I)The bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement executed by Queen Elizabeth I.
The Civil Wars
King Charles I was dissatisfied and dissolved Parliament in 1629
The first Civil War broke out between the Royalists known as the Cavaliers(保王党人) and the Parliamentarians knowns as the Roundheads(圆颅党人)
in 1642
Oliver Cromwell led the New Model Army新模范军 and fought bravely against the King's troops
Cromwell destroyed Charles II's army, which marked the end of the Civil Wars. The monarchy was abolished and England was declared a commomwealth and governed as a republic英吉利共和国
in 1651
Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne of England.This put an end to the Commonwealth
Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
Charles II was tried to restore the old social order during his reign
the Glorious Revolution光荣革命：A new Parliament declared the throne vacant and appointed William and Mary joint sovereigns
in 1689
Parliament passed the Bill of Rights《人权法案》 - establish a system known as constitutional monarchy君主立宪制
The Industrial Revolution
Reasons
Britain had a huge market (Parliament - merchants & entrepreneurs; the world's leading colonial power)
England acquired from its colonies enormous wealth with which to develop its industry (the East India Company)
the enclosure movement圈地运动 deprived many small landowners of their property
began
began in the textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions: Spinning mule詹尼纺纱机、the water frame水力纺纱机、the spinning mule走锭纺纱机、the power loom动力织布机、and the steam engine蒸汽机 （large-scale industry）
in 1814, the steam locomotive蒸汽机车 was invented; the first failway was completed in 1825
accomplished (in Britain)
by the middle of the 19th century
the influence
Britain became the most advanced industrial country in the world
it also underwent a process of mass urbanization
the capitalist class became the most important force
the proletariat无产阶级 came into being
3: The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
Formation of the Empire
began
the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583
The first British Empire: it included the colonies in Canada, India and many small states in the West Indies西印度群岛（Queen Victoria(1819-1901，the longest)）
The Victorian Age
witnessed the establishment of the Second British Empire
encouraged further industrialization, the building of railways and the growth of trade and commerce
(from the 1870s) adopted a very aggressive foreign policy known as the New Imperialism新帝国主义
the British Empire included about a quarter of the global population and a quarter of the world's landmass (*22-23)
by the end of the 19th century (on the eve of World War I)
Britain in the World Wars
World War I
the world had entered the period of imperialism
by the beginning of the 20th century
a conflict of interests and colonial rivalry involved two camps:
the Central Powers同盟国 mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey
the Allies协约国 mainly France, Great Britain,Russia, Italy and from 1917, the United States
the immediate cause
lay in the comflict on the Balkan Peninsula巴尔干半岛（in Salajevo萨拉热窝）
The influence
Though victorious, Britain came out of the war with a huge national debt. Business was slack萧条的, many factories were closed down and taxes soared. The Great Depression from 1929 to 1933 brought additional problems to the British economy and society. Britain's position in the capitalist world was further weakened.
the Treaty of Versailles《凡尔赛条约》which was signed at the end of World War I in 1919, Germany was required to relinquish放弃 all its colonies and to permanently disarm.
World War II
appeasement绥靖政策（Neville Chamberlain）
The influence
Britain won the war, but at great costs. (killed and wounded). Britain lost its naval supremacy forever to the United States. It had exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment, and was deeply in debt to the United States.
The Fall of the Empire
As a result of World War II, most of Britain's colonies demanded and fought for independence.
The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations, a loosely organized community of former British colonies.
4: Britain Since World War II
"Three Majestic Circles三环外交"
The first was the Commonwealth circle, which embraced much of Africa and Asia as well as the dominions of Canada, New Zealand and Australia
The second was Britain's special relationship with the United States
The third was Britain's close relationship with Western Europe.
Britain joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)北大西洋公约组织in 1949
the European Economic Community(EEC)欧洲经济共同体. (其他外交关系*25-27)
