英国历史History

关于英国历史的简要梳理（1.0版），为读者提供一个清晰的历史脉络，帮助大家更好地理解英国的历史发展及其在全球事务中的影响力。

英国历史History

• 1：The founding of the Nation
  • invade
    • 55BC&54BC
    • twice invaded by Roman troops led by Julius Caesar凯撒大帝 and was invaded again by the Romans under Claudius克劳狄一世
  • became a Roman province
    • 43AD-5th c
    • the native Celt were driven to the mountainous regions of Scotland and Wales
  • ending the Roman occupation
    • in 410
    • Germanic barbarians attacked Rome, forcing all Roman troops to leave Britain in order to defend their own nation
    • the Angles(E,M,N), the Saxons(S,M) and the Jutes(S) landed in Britain. - drove the Britons to the mountains
    • English replaced the old Celtic language as the dominant language - (the land of the Angles)
  • Roman Christianity
    • by the late 7th c
    • Roman Christianity became the dominant religion in Britain
  • the power shifted between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes
    • in the 8th c
    • the Vikings VS the Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝
    • seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms七王国（暂时联合）
  • Edward the Confessor2（忏悔者爱德华） died
    • in 1066
    • Duke William of Normandy (later be crowned in Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂) defeated Harold of Wessex at the battle of Hastings黑斯廷斯.
    • the Norman Conquest of England marked the establishment of feudalism封建制度 in England. (William1-William the Conqueror)
  • the House of Anjou安茹王朝（the House of Plantagenet金雀花王朝）
    • by 1154
    • Henry2 - reform of the courts and the laws(the court of justice, introduced the jury system陪审团制度 and institutionalized common law)
  • the Magna Carta大宪章(the Great Charter)
    • on June 15,1215
    • Dissatisfied with John's leadership, the lords forced him to sign it
    • clauses条款
      • the King could not exact强求 payment from the vassals封臣 without their consent
      • no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their freedom unless they are convincted according to the law of the land
      • merchants should be allowed to move about freely
      • there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country
      • traditional rights and privileges should be given to the towns
    • Progressive significance
      • granted the townspeople freedom of trade and self-government
      • The merchants and craftsmen appeared for the first time as a political force
      • The Magna Carta is regarded as the foundation of the Britich constitutionalism
  • Simon de Montfort，被视为现代议会制的创始人之一
    • in 1258
    • Drafted the Provisons of Oxford, which attempted to limit the King's power by calling regular meetings of a 15-member Privy Council枢密院. It was replaced in 1259 by the Provisions of Westminster《威斯敏斯特条例》
  • 2 Wars
    • in the 14th-15th
    • The hundred Years' War (England&France) :raised the social position of the bourgeois class资产阶级
    • The Wars of the Roses: a series of civil wars between two great noble families(the House of York约克王朝-white & the House of Lancaster兰开斯特王朝-red)
      • the House of Lancaster won and Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor都铎王朝（1485-1603）
      • Under the Tudors, England became a national state with an efficient centralized government and started changing from a medieval to a modern country
• 2: Transition to the Modern Age
  • The Reformation
    • the immediate cause for the Reformation: King Henry VIII's attempt to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon
    • he issued the Act of Supremacy至尊法案
      • In 1534
    • (Mary I)The bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement executed by Queen Elizabeth I.
  • The Civil Wars
    • King Charles I was dissatisfied and dissolved Parliament in 1629
    • The first Civil War broke out between the Royalists known as the Cavaliers(保王党人) and the Parliamentarians knowns as the Roundheads(圆颅党人)
      • in 1642
      • Oliver Cromwell led the New Model Army新模范军 and fought bravely against the King's troops
      • Cromwell destroyed Charles II's army, which marked the end of the Civil Wars. The monarchy was abolished and England was declared a commomwealth and governed as a republic英吉利共和国
        • in 1651
      • Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne of England.This put an end to the Commonwealth
  • Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
    • Charles II was tried to restore the old social order during his reign
    • the Glorious Revolution光荣革命：A new Parliament declared the throne vacant and appointed William and Mary joint sovereigns
      • in 1689
      • Parliament passed the Bill of Rights《人权法案》 - establish a system known as constitutional monarchy君主立宪制
  • The Industrial Revolution
    • Reasons
      • Britain had a huge market (Parliament - merchants & entrepreneurs; the world's leading colonial power)
      • England acquired from its colonies enormous wealth with which to develop its industry (the East India Company)
      • the enclosure movement圈地运动 deprived many small landowners of their property
    • began
      • began in the textile industry and was marked by a series of important inventions: Spinning mule詹尼纺纱机、the water frame水力纺纱机、the spinning mule走锭纺纱机、the power loom动力织布机、and the steam engine蒸汽机 （large-scale industry）
      • in 1814, the steam locomotive蒸汽机车 was invented; the first failway was completed in 1825
    • accomplished (in Britain)
      • by the middle of the 19th century
      • the influence
        • Britain became the most advanced industrial country in the world
        • it also underwent a process of mass urbanization
        • the capitalist class became the most important force
        • the proletariat无产阶级 came into being
• 3: The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
  • Formation of the Empire
    • began
      • the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583
      • The first British Empire: it included the colonies in Canada, India and many small states in the West Indies西印度群岛（Queen Victoria(1819-1901，the longest)）
    • The Victorian Age
      • witnessed the establishment of the Second British Empire
      • encouraged further industrialization, the building of railways and the growth of trade and commerce
      • (from the 1870s) adopted a very aggressive foreign policy known as the New Imperialism新帝国主义
      • the British Empire included about a quarter of the global population and a quarter of the world's landmass (*22-23)
        • by the end of the 19th century (on the eve of World War I)
  • Britain in the World Wars
    • World War I
      • the world had entered the period of imperialism
        • by the beginning of the 20th century
      • a conflict of interests and colonial rivalry involved two camps: the Central Powers同盟国 mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey the Allies协约国 mainly France, Great Britain,Russia, Italy and from 1917, the United States
      • the immediate cause
        • lay in the comflict on the Balkan Peninsula巴尔干半岛（in Salajevo萨拉热窝）
      • The influence
        • Though victorious, Britain came out of the war with a huge national debt. Business was slack萧条的, many factories were closed down and taxes soared. The Great Depression from 1929 to 1933 brought additional problems to the British economy and society. Britain's position in the capitalist world was further weakened.
        • the Treaty of Versailles《凡尔赛条约》which was signed at the end of World War I in 1919, Germany was required to relinquish放弃 all its colonies and to permanently disarm.
    • World War II
      • appeasement绥靖政策（Neville Chamberlain）
      • The influence
        • Britain won the war, but at great costs. (killed and wounded). Britain lost its naval supremacy forever to the United States. It had exhausted its reserves of gold, dollars and overseas investment, and was deeply in debt to the United States.
  • The Fall of the Empire
    • As a result of World War II, most of Britain's colonies demanded and fought for independence.
    • The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations, a loosely organized community of former British colonies.
• 4: Britain Since World War II
  • "Three Majestic Circles三环外交"
    • The first was the Commonwealth circle, which embraced much of Africa and Asia as well as the dominions of Canada, New Zealand and Australia
    • The second was Britain's special relationship with the United States
    • The third was Britain's close relationship with Western Europe.
  • Britain joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)北大西洋公约组织in 1949
  • the European Economic Community(EEC)欧洲经济共同体. (其他外交关系*25-27)