导图社区 2025年ACCA SBR
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2025年ACCA SBR
这是一篇关于2025年ACCA SBR的思维导图，内容详实、条理清晰、易于理解，无论是初学者还是准备参加考试的学生，这张脑图都将是你不可或缺的学习助手。
编辑于2025-02-19 23:24:12- ACCA
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SBR
The conceptual framework
generally accepted theoretical principles, basis for determining which should be accounted for, how should be measured, how should be communicated to the users(disclosure).
objective
to provide financial information about the entity to the users, general financial statement can not provide all the information, such as the non-financial information.
qualitative characteristics
fundamental
relevance
capable of making a difference in the decision
materiality
the information if omitting or misstating could influence the decisions that be made
faithful representation
complete
include all infor. neccessary for users to understand
neutrality(客观)
withoud bias in the infor.
free from error
does not mean accurate in all respects, but means, no errors or omissions in the description, the process of produce infor. and the input or select of infor.(打进去的数据没错，同时算的也没错)
enhance
comparability
the similar infor. can be compared with other entity or other period
consistency
use the same method for the same items
verifiability
different observers can reach consensus(不同的人能够得出相同的结果)
timeliness
in time, older infor. is less useful
understandability
clearly and concisely, but not means can exclude complex phenomena
underlying assumption
going concern
accruals basis
substance over form
all standards are introduced by 6 parts
definition（scope）啥时候写
recognition（presentation）写在哪里
initial measurement数字写多少
subsequent measurement
de-recognition
disclosure怎么解释
每个准则都从这6个部分进行介绍
定义
asset
2010 - a resource controlled by entity as a result of past event and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity
2018 - a present economic resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events
liability
2010 - present obligation of the entity arising from past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the entity
2018 - a present obligation of the entity to transfer an economic resource as a result of past events
之前用expect这个词，说明要有一定的threshold，现在删掉了，不用threshold来定义，做不做账留给recognition去确认 前一句一样，version2010多了后面一句expected to inflow/outflow
recognition
2010
the item meets the definition of an asset or a liability;
it is probable that any future economic benefit associated with the asset or liability will flow to or from the entity;
the asset or liability has a cost or value which can be measured reliably.
2018ED
relevant information about the asset or the liability and about any income, expenses or changes in equity;
a faithful representation of the asset or the liability and of any income, expenses or changes in equity;
information which results in the benefits exceeding the cost of providing that information.
用于与其他准则对比，the key change is the 'probability criteria' has been removed which means more elements with lower probability can be recognised
IAS 1 Presentation of financial statements
statement of profit or loss
revenue + other income - cost - expense profit before tax - income tax expense profit for the year from continuing operations - discontinued operations profit for the year profit attributable to: owners of the parent NCI EPS
OCI是P/L的科目，OCE是SOFP的科目，revaluation surplus是OCE的二级科目
statement of profit of loss and other comprehensive income
other comprehensive income
items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss
不会循环出到P/L
gain on property revaluation (IAS 16)
处置时直接从OCI转到RE，不会影响到P/L
remeasurements of defined benefit pension plans (IAS 19)
share of other comprehensive income of associate (IAS 28)
income tax relating to items that will not be reclassified (IAS 12)
items that may be reclassified to profit or loss
会循环出到P/L
exchange differences on translating foreign operations (IAS 21)
外币折算差异
investments in equity instruments (IFRS 9)
cash flow hedges (IFRS 9)
有效对冲进到OCI，之后实际发生进到P/L
income tax relating to items that may be reclassified (IAS 12)
total comprehensive income attributable to: owner of the parent NCI
IAS 2 inventories
definition
include held for sale(finished goods); in the production process for sale(work-in-process); material in production(raw materials)
measurement
components of costs
成本构成
include
cost of purchase, conversion, bring to location and condition
exclude
abnormal waste, administrative OH unrelated, foreign exchange, interest cost
cost
FIFO or weighted, LIFO is not allowed
net realizable value
lower of NRV and cost, if NRV is lower, need to write-down, and recognized as an expense
其实NRV就是倒算回来的数字
NRV of finished goods
sell price - cost of sell
NRV of work-in-process
sell price of finished goods - estimated cost of completion - cost of sell
NRV of raw material
current costs of raw materials
Dr Expense Cr Inventory
disclosure
total carrying amount, details of that at NRV
IAS 7 statement of cash flows
single company
operating, investing, financing, direct, indirect
两个逻辑 1. 非现金item和现金item的调整 2. 现金流量表内部重分类
七大考点
商誉减值：费用，非现金流
收购/处置 A/JV：投资现金流
分配利润 A/JV：非现金流
A/JV分红：投资现金流流入
收到子公司分红：合并报表不体现，单体报表体现，投资现金流
收购/处置 子公司：投资现金流
控股子公司合并嫁妆：经营现金流
IAS 8 accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors
accounting polices
definition
rules, principles applied by an entity in preparing and presenting financial statements
change
会计确认，列报会变，当期往期都追溯retrospective改
changes in accounting estimates
definition
an adjustment of the carrying amount resulting from reassessing in the expected future benefit and obligations associated with the asset and liability
change
不调整prospective，只改未来
errors
definition
omissions, misstatements
correct
人为做错，信息无误，可以追溯 信息错，导致人为做错，不用追溯，当期改
IAS 10 Events after the Reporting Period
IAS 10指追溯年底~报告期，IAS 8可以追溯无限久
definition
are those events occur between the year end and the date on FS are authorised for issue
accounting treatment(recognition)
adjusting
further evidence of condition existing at the year end
non-adjusting
do not affect condition of the year end, but instead disclosure
disclosure
window dressing粉饰报表
因为不是错报，IAS 10允许粉饰报表，但是需要做好disclosure
类似期后要合并子公司这种重大事项，就要披露
IAS 12 Income Taxes
current tax
definition
accounting profit, taxable profit, tax expense, current tax
recognition
本期和前期未交的视作liability，前期交多了的视作asset，因为之后有可控、可计量经济利益的流入，所以符合资产定义
deferred tax
definition
tax base
tax base of an asset
will be deductible for tax purpose
tax base of a liability
carrying amount - amount deductible in the future for tax purpose
tax differences
temporary differences
revenue or expense included in the computation of taxable profit but not for the same accounting period
taxable temporary differences → deferred tax liabilities
实际产生了预计收入，但是没有收到现金，税局不征税，以后实际发生现金流时才征税，现在先记一笔deferred tax liabilities平滑一下利润，不然到时候一下子征税会减去很多利润
deductible temporary differences → deferred tax asset
实际产生了预计费用，但是因为是权责发生制，所以税局现在没有让抵，以后现金流发生了才能够抵，所以产生了deferred tax asset
Unused tax loss can be carried forwards only when it's probable that the future taxable profit is available to offset
能否确认DTA的考点：要考虑资产的定义，不一定下一年就能够赚钱，所以也不一定能够立即确认；所以要考虑两个点：1、是否有足够的DTL可以相抵 2、未来是否能够赚到足够的利润可以抵tax loss，Whether the future taxable profit will allow the DTA to be covered
permanent differences
revenue or expense excluded from the computation of taxable profit
纳税调整
有一些费用不能扣除、税法的折旧方式allowances不同、不同国家的税率不同、不同类别的费用和收入也对应不同的税率
recognition
缺点：类似land的revaluation surplus可能永远不会出售，也就永远不会被征税，那么就会积累大量的DTL
和current tax一起构成了SPL中的tax charge
recognized as income or expense in P/L, except the transaction in OCI 当DT对应的资产进P/L的时候，DT也进P/L，资产进OCI时，对应DT也进OCI
e.g. Dr PPE 100 Cr OCI 70 Cr DT 30
Dr income expense Cr DTL
measurement
1. calculate carrying amount of asset and liabilities, except deferred tax assets and liabilities
2. calculate the tax base of asset and liabilities
3. calculate the temporary differences
4. deferred tax asset / liability = temporary differences @ tax rate
disclosure
列在non-current liablities那一栏
business combination 如何影响合并报表
fair value, unrealised losses, retained earning, foreign subsidiaries, own currency for cost of the non-monetary asset differences between tax purposes
以上的要确认，但是有的不用确认
母公司可以控制timing of reversal of the temporary difference
it's probable that the temporary difference will not reversal in the foreseeable future
e.g. 母公司可以控制子公司不分红，永远不交税，那么不确认DTL；associate does not control，所以要确认DTL
同理，DTA也一样，如果有控制权的，那么要确认，没有控制权的，不确认
IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment
definition
use in production, for rental to others, for administrative purposes
IAS 40中也有rental，但是这里的是低价租给员工的福利，IAS 40是租房赚钱的
expected to use during more than 1 period
recognition
unit of measure for recognition
smaller items should be classified as consumables and expensed, but capitalized when they are aggregated and treated as one.
large and complex should be broken down into composite parts and each depreciated separately
replacement
those disposal parts should be de-recognized and the new amount should be included in the cost of PPE
major inspection
continued operation should be regarded as a replacement, but the daily inspection should be expensed
initial measurement
2 principals: 1.directly attributable - 直接相关；2.until to it's available use or location - 预计可使用状态、到达 3 elements: 1.采购价格；2.直接相关；3.财务费用资本化
should include the dismandling cost(资本化负债)
the cost be measured at the fair value, if there is no FV(没有活跃市场、没有价格), it should be measued at BV(the carrying amount)
subsequent measurement
cost model
carrying amount = cost - Acc.depreciation - impairment loss
注意，是达到预计可使用状态之后再折旧，IAS 38也是到预计可使用状态之后再摊销
revaluation model
水位线法则：按照折旧余额作为水位线，转回金额超过原本折旧的余额则算作gain
carrying amount = FV(at the date of revaluation) - subsequent depreciation - impairment
revaluation result is increase
先增后增，都计入到OCI中，并通过结转积累到Acc.revaluation surplus中； 先增后减，先抵消增值部分，多的再做费用
Dr. PPE Cr. other comprehensive income
最后重估增值会通过OCI结转进入到equity的revaluation surplus
revaluation result is decrease
先减后减，作为费用；先减后增，可以做减值转回
when revaluation increase, the additional depreciation amount could be transfer directly to the OCI. when the asset is disposed, that RS in OCI can transfer directly to RE, so it won't influence the SPL
changes in accounting estimates
the depreciation model should be reviewed regularly(不是annually，投资性房地产才是annually), any change should be accounted under IAS 8
de-recognition
when the PPE de-recognized, the RS may be transferred to the RE or left in the OCE
RE或者OCE可以进行选择，随着折旧转入其中一个，或者在处置的时候一次性转入
disclosure
the measurement bases, depreciation model, useful life, depreciation rates, reconciliation of the carrying amount
IAS 19 Employee Benefits
definition
disclosure the liability of the service that employee provided and, expense that the entity comsume economic benefit of the service
short-term benefit, post-employment benefit(退休后)
recognition
should be recognize in the period earned by the employee rather than it's paid or payable
short-term benefit
Dr expense Cr current liability
accumulating paid absences(带薪年假)
non-accumulating paid absences(病假)
only paid and recognize when the events occur
profit-sharing and bonus payments
only when the legal or constructive obligation to make payment as result of past events & reliable estimate of the obligation
其实就是当期的应付职工薪酬
post-employment benefit
退休后福利
defined contribution plans DC
相当于五险一金
DC和DC的区别 DC，每年给到池子里的钱是固定的，之后池子给员工多少就不管了 DB，最后池子给到员工的钱是固定的，或者计算方式是固定的，但是之前投到池子里的钱是不固定的
defined benefit plans DB
definition
退休了之后每个月给的福利可以固定的
define相当于fix
measurement
suggested approach七步法 根据原理来做，披露公司费用来源， 中间的过程是为了分析解释实质
1. record opening figures 初始金额
SOFP上只会出现net defined benefit liability(asset), is the deficit or surplus → PV of the defined benefit obligation - FV of plan asset
PV of the defined benefit obligation
expected future payment from employees' service in the current or prior period
FV of plan asset
asset held by long-term employee benefit fund
legally separately from the reporting entity, solely and only to pay for fund employee benefit
企业破产了也不能注销，只能用作员工福利，由第三方保险基金运作，企业只是披露本企业存在基金公司的金额的FV
the 'Asset Ceiling' test(房顶) 资产天花板测试
use the lower of
如果是plan asset>obligation，则是net pension asset，这时候要“可回收金额”和net pension asset取低，差额计入OCI
net reported asset
PV of recoverable amount
impairment loss记入OCI，因为是长期的
accrual amount = cost rate per day@unused paid leave at year end
should be charged as expense
2. net interest cost 利息变动
两个分录可以做抵消，最后只出现net defined benefit liabilities/assets和net interest cost
Dr net interest cost(P/L) (x%@b/d obligation) Cr PV defined benefit obligaion(SOFP)
Dr plan asset(SOFP) (x%@b/d assets) Cr net interest cost(P/L)
3. current service cost 本期增加的服务对应养老金
increase the PV of obligation due to the current year's employees' service
Dr current service cost(P/L) Cr PV defined benefit obligation(SOFP)
4. past service cost 类似一种修改，之前干过的活现在再增加或减少一定比例
increase in obligation
Dr past service cost(P/L) Cr PV defined benefit obligation(SOFP)
decrease in obligation
Dr PV defined benefit obligation(SOFP) Cr past service cost(P/L)
5. contributions 公司直接给养老金投钱进去
contribution pay
Dr plan asset(SOFP) Cr company cash
6. benefit 最终把养老金给到员工
这里的现金并没有列报在表上，因为现金每年通过步骤5流到养老基金中，然后养老基金直接把钱给到employees，企业不涉及到现金的流转，所以只需要在表上做obligation和asset的调整即可
Dr PV defined benefit obligation(SOFP) Cr plan asset(SOFP)
7. remeasurement 实际的gain or loss最终调整
赚了亏了都进OCI（remeasurement gain or loss），如果进P/L会有剧烈变动，而且并没有实际上的损益，包括Actuarial gains and losses，和Changes in the asset ceiling ，对利润表没有影响，只影响OCI，所以现金流的时候也不用调整
考试会考调整现金流量表 蓝色代表进利润表 黄色代表对利润表没有影响
e.g.
裁员，现在走的立即给compensation，留到裁员前一天再走的，除了compensation之外，还有另一笔additional payment
第一笔视为amendment to the past service，因为是对已经产生的服务给予的补助 第二笔视为current service cost，并且要估计留到最后的人数，spread到裁员前一天
不同月份的monthly current service cost不一样了，比如1~9月是每个月10m，10~12月是每个月12m
那么current service cost就从12x10=120m变成9x10+3x12=126m
不同月份的defined liability和利率不一样了，比如1月100m~3%，9月变成120m~3.5%
那么是net liability interest的变化，从100mx3%=3m，变成100mx3%x9/12 + 120mx3.5% x /12 = 3.3m
注意计算方法，都是2019年的试题！！
settlement员工主动离职 curtailment公司主动裁员
反做分录，注销掉员工对应的pension obligation&plan asset，有给现金补贴的话就贷计现金，剩下的差额进到P/L
之后的由新老板交，现在以有的在本公司注销掉（包括plan asset和obligation），然后转到新的老板，具体数据在养老金机构那里可以得到
Dr PV obligation Cr FV plan asset Cr cash Dr/Cr profit or loss (bal)
IAS 20 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistant
definition
government grants
给能用钱衡量的好处
government assistance
Action, 给不能用金钱衡量的好处
grants related to assets
前提是购买、建设特定的NCA，然后给一定的补贴，一般都是指长期资产，流动资产不算
grants related to income
other than related to asset补集
直接减费用
recognition
满足两个条件才可以确认 1. comply with the condition attached to the grant 2. actually receive the grant
no difference in the treatment whether increase the asset or reduct the liabilities
any related contingency should be recognized under IAS 37 provision once the grant has been recognised
grant related to assets
measurement
at fair value
disclosure
两种可以选择
deferred income
deduct the grant from the asset carrying amount
grant related to income
measurement
recognized as income over the period match them to the related cost, no future related costs are expected只能匹配到已经发生的成本上，未来才发生的不算
disclosure
两种可以选择
Cr other income
直接从对应的费用那里扣除，抵掉一些费用
repayment of government grants
treat as a change in accounting estimate
related to income
against any unamortised deferred income; excess recognized as expense 反向做分录，超过部分确认为费用
related to asset
increase the carrying amount, the cumulative additional depreciation should be recognized to the date in absense of the grant 反向做，并把折旧补齐，把PPE恢复到没有补助的折旧时的值
IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates
definition
functional currency
功能货币，一个经济体中主要使用的货币，比如大陆用RMB，香港用HKB, USB均可
the currency use in the primary economic environment which the entity operates
presentation currency
财务报表中列报的基准货币
translation
仅仅在财报上的转换，实际并没有转换资产的货币类别
conversion
把资产的货币类别也给换了
recognition
用交易当天functional currency的spot rate进行转换，如果那段时间汇率波动很大，则用期间平均rate
subsequent year ends
monetary item - restate，using closing rate
difference进P/L
non-montary item - not restate，using the rate at the date of transaction (historical rate)，估值or公允价值的，则用估值or公允价值时用的汇率
difference进OCI
consolidated financial statement
determining functional currency
use closing rate, the exchange differences are recognised in OCI
whether the subsidiary as an extension of parent or as a net investment
factor in determining
如果符合，则视为extension； 否则，则视为semi-autonomous
mainly influence sales price for good or service
country whose competitive force and regulation mainly determine the sales price
mainly influence labour, material, other cost
financing activities
operating activities are retained
如果是母公司的extension operation，那就用母公司 如果独立的，那就用自己的
accouting treatment
用相同的功能货币
视为extension，汇率的变动实时影响现金流，not net invest
用不同的功能货币
affect the net investment, not the items held by the foreign operation
consolidation procedures
1. translate the closing SOFP use the closing rate at the end of the year
2. translate the SPLOCI use the average rate(dividend should be translate at the rate when dividend was paid)
3. translate the net assets use the closing rate at the beginning of the year(合并的用合并当天的汇率), 合并后赚到的区分为：日常经营&汇兑损益，分开列报
4. calculate the total exchange difference closing net asset at closing rate (1. ) - opening net asset at opening rate (3. ) - retained profit as translated(less any dividend) (2. ) =exchange differences to OCI
goodwill and FV adjustments
商誉每年都要重新计算，意味着要用年底收盘汇率每年重新算资产和负债，最后得出新的商誉
NCI
exchange difference要按照parent和NCI的比例进行attribution
红p217
IAS 23 Borrowing Costs
definition
interest or costs - borrowing of funds
recognition
borrowing costs directly attributable to the aquisition, construction, production of qualifying asset, that should be capitalized
qualifying asset is the asset ready for use or sale, can be ppe, inventories, investment property
otherwise, should be expensed
measurement
capitalization period
停工的时候不能算，开工才算
capitalization amount
用有效利率，而不是名义利率
多个借款的时候，用借款额加权平均计算利率
disclosure
value of capitalization and the rate
IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures
substance of the relationship over the legal form
definition
related party
可以是人，也可以是一个组织
person or person's family
control, joint control; significant influence; member of the key management personnel
key management personnel = those person having authority and responsibility for planning, directing and controlling the activities of the entity.
entity
subsidiary in the same group; associate or joint venture
not related party
two venturers; two entities have a same director or key management; same suppliers, customers, distributor, government...
为什么要披露？
告诉user可能被关联方影响，要引起注意 其他交易可能被影响 影响user的判断 关联方交易可能和一般交易不同normal term as 'arm-length' transaction
disclosure
关联方的名字
独立报表和合并报表都要披露，披露交易、往来账……outstanding balance
披露会影响使用者的数据，但是如果成本太大，就算了，能披则披
exemption
如果几家企业都是由政府控制，那么这几家管理企业间的披露可以豁免
IAS 27 Separate Financial Statements
IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures
见IFRS 10 Consolidated financial statemet
IAS 32 Financial Instruments: Presentation
objective
to establish principles for presenting fin. instrument
fin. instrument should be presented according to their substance, not the legal form, and class them as fin. liabilities or equity
两个原则，一是要区分好liability和equity，二是要实质重于形式
classification of common transaction
preference shares
有fixed rate of dividend & mandatory redemption，所以实际上是liability
compound fin. instrument
spilt into equity and liability
convertible debt
= 先计算债务价值（use effective interest rate to discount），减去后得到residual value即为equity
transaction cost要按照比例分摊到两个
treasury shares 库存股
equity类，损益不入P/L，而进OCE
cost of an entity deducted from equity
Dr treasury share - equity Cr cash
库藏股余额在借方，列报的时候是： 实收资本 减：库藏股
offsetting 抵消
当满足下面条件时，fin. liability和asset要相互抵消，留下一个余额： 1. legally enforceable right to set off the amount 2. intend to settle on a net basis
interest, dividends, losses and gains
interest, dividends, losses and gains related to financial liability should be recognised in P/L
distribution to holder of equity instrument should be deducted from issuer's equity发行人给的权益工具的收益，要从自己的权益中扣除
transaction cost of an equity transaction should be deducted from equity
IAS 33 Earnings per Share
calculation EPS = net profit or loss attributable to ordinary shareholders ÷ weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period
IAS 36 Impairment of Assets
主要考点是indicators，不要与IAS 37混淆
definition
determined by LOWER of the carrying amount and recoverable amount
recoverable amount is the HIGHER of:
net selling price
IFRS 13 Fair value measurement
= fair value - cost to sell
value in use
PV use discount rate before tax
recognition
need to review if there are some indicators of impairment
should be recognized if the recoverable amount is lower than the carrying amount
is an expense in SPL
measurement
单个的话按照recoverable value进行比较并计算
多个的话用CGU计算法
口诀：先虚后实，先部分后整体
1. 先看有没有说是明确减值了的NCA，直接先减掉就完事
2. 先看单个CGU具体减多少，并在单个CGU中按照Goodwill→NCA进行减值，CA不用减
3. 再看整体Group中还有一些未纳入CGU的，在CGU按照unallocated goodwill→NCA进行减值
goodwill impairment
fair value
没有特别注意的
partial
要在计算的时候先把notion goodwill x20/80计算出来，加进来一起减值
最后要记得分配到parent和NCI
de-recognition
reversal of impairment loss
转回不得超过未减值之前的金额（比如用cost model持续计算的金额）
reversal goodwill is prohibited
is recognized as income
Dr PPE Cr income
disclosure
loss, reversal, material value, events causing it, recoverable amount
IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets
provision
definition
liability is a present obligation as a result of past events and settlement of liability is expected to result in an outflow of resources
provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount
recognition
锅
present obligation(legal or constructive) has risen as a result of a past event
百分比%
probable
金额$
reliably estimate
measurement
one-off events
用最可能的那次
large populations
用期望
这些可以用来计算warrant和legal claim的provision amount
e.g.
future operating loss完全不能
不能算IAS37，因为是future的，不是past event cause future outflow，应该适用IAS 36impairment
onerous contract完全能
亏损合同，选“执行”与“直接卖掉”两个其中亏的少的，计入到provision，因为合同是past event，导致的future outflow，所以符合定义啊，而且也能可靠计量成本，而且必流出，所以是probable
restructuring有些能有些不能
只有直接相关的才能计入provision，retraining之类的不能计入
公布了、有具体计划才算constructive obligation，如果有alternative的计划，那其实可以选alternative而不选现在的计划，所以就不算constructive了
repair不能，等到发生的时候确认expense
可以选择不修理，直接disposal啊，所以不是obligation
warranty能，用probability估计EV
environment能
环境恢复成本，dismantling cost，因为是法规要求的，所以是legal obligation
self-insurance不能
保险是出事了才赔偿啊，但是人又不一定要出事
主要是要看着这些应用！！ 具体是要结合3个确认的criterias进行判断 是不是probable，是不是有legal obligation或constructive obligation，是不是能够可靠估计reliably estimate
contingent liability and asset
主要是要与conceptual framework对比 contingent asset是要virtually certain才能确认的，但是provision只要probable就可以确认，体现的是谨慎性
IAS 38 Intangible Assets
在合并的时候，internal generated intangible asset要确认，但是单体报表不能确认。 因为合并的时候brand是identifiable的，能够有一个估价的，剩下不能估价的，是customer list，supplier relationship之类的东西，这些就统一确认在商誉里面
definition
identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance
identifiable: separatable /or/ arises from contractural or other legal right(法律可以具体保护某项可确认的无形资产)
recognition
probable, measured reliably
if no meet the criteria, should be recognized as an expense and can not reverse to asset later
R&D
research should be recog. as expense
meet the PIRATE criteria should be capitalized
Probable future economic benefit
Intention to complete and use/sell
Resource adequate to complete and use/sell
Ability to use/sell
Technical and commercial feasibility
Expenditure can be measured reliably
内部形成的无形资产不确认商誉，收购形成的溢价才确认商誉
internally generated goodwill should be recog. as expense
measurement
cost model and revaluation model, the same as IAS 16 PPE
所以增值要进到OCI！！！
达到预计可使用状态之后再摊销，IAS 16也是，达到预计可使用状态之后再折旧
useful life
indefinite life
need to review annually, no amortization
definite life
amortization with straight-line model
如果没有确定的model，那就直接用straight-line model
de-recognition
residual value, useful life review at each financial year-end, amortization method review annually, any change should in estimate under IAS 8
disclosure
amount of R&D, amortization method, useful life and the supporting reasons, revaluation date, reconciliation of carrying amount
IAS 40 Investment Property
definition
held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both
作为PPE, inventories的不算
IAS 16 PPE的是低价租给员工的福利，IAS 40是租房赚钱的
recognition
probable, reliably measured
measurement
有cost model和fv model, 一旦选了，所有的投资型房地产都要用对应的model，而PPE选了只需要其中的同类资产对应用相同的model即可。
cost model
just like IAS 16 PPE
fair value model
annually review, gain or loss must be included in SPL 注意：投资性房地产是每年，而PPE是定期，不用每年。
change models
can't change unless more approciate presentation
transfer between categories
investment property → ppe
用当天的Fv做ppe的原值
investment property → inventories
用当天的Fv做inventories的原值
inventories → investment property
差额计入当期SPL
ppe → investment property
跟IAS 16 PPE处理一样，因为实质上增值是在它属于PPE期间增值的，与之后转为投资性房地产无关，所以要计入OCI
de-recognition
处置损益进SPL
disclosure
what model used, amounts to P/L, Fv if used cost model, reconciliation amount between open and close
IAS 41 Agriculture
definition
agricultural activity is the biological transformation of biological assets for sale, into agricultural produce or into additional biological assets
exception
1. bearer plant - IAS 16 PPE
例如用来生小猪的种猪
2. agricultural produce at the point of harvest - IAS 2 inventories
3. government grants related to biological asset - IAS 20 government grant
recognition
control, probable, measured reliably
measurement
biological assets
= Fv - cost to sell (NRV)
Fv changes can due to both physical changes(本身长大) and price changes(市价改变)，要分别披露
gain or loss included in P/L
只有purchase price可以确认为资产资本化，其他的相关成本都要费用化expense
桑基鱼塘这种整体资产的，会互相影响，不用鱼、桑树单独确认，而是作为一个整体去确认，把变化计入P/L
agricultural produce
= Fv - cost to sell (NRV)
trandsfer to IAS 2 inventories
gain or loss included in P/L
government grant
政府给了树苗、种树技能……
如果用Fv, 则不适用IAS 20，收到政府补助的时候直接确认为收入
如果用cost model, 则适用IAS 20
disclosure
description of the assets, method of determining the Fv, reconciliation of the carrying amount
IFRS 2 Share-based Payment
definition
equity instrument
a contract evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities, 意思就是资产 - 负债 = 权益
equity instrument granted
授予权益工具的权利，包括unconditional和conditional
grant date
指授予权利的合同签署的那天，而不是交易股票的那一天
intrinsic value
内在价值 e.g. the exercise price of share option is $15, with the fair value of $20, the intrinsic value is 20 - 15 = 5 ($)
vesting conditions
授予条件
满足这些条件之后才会被授予权利
non-market based vesting conditions
market based vesting conditions
recognition
arguments
EPS is hit twice
Dr expense Cr share capital
outside the scope of IFRS 2
right issue 给原有的股东
equity instrument股权收购，互换股权，用IFRS 3 business combination
如果满足资产的定义，借方也可以不确认费用，直接确认为资产
Equity-settled share-based payment share option给股票期权
recognition
Dr expense Cr Equity
measurement
股票期权是价格给定，之后根据这个价格（grant date，相对很低价）行权买入，只需每年根据人数增减进行调整
如果是一次性收到货物，则in full确认；如果多次收到，则during the vesting period
Cash-settled share-based payment SAR给现金
两种 1. share appreciation rights未来可以基于股票价格收到现金 2. 给redeemable股票，之后用钱赎回
recognition
Dr Expense Cr Liabilities
measurement
价格每年都是在变动的，而且fair value和exercise的价格还不一样，每年都要对人员和价格进行调整1/3 2/3 3/3，并将每年的差异计入expense和liability
因为IFRS 13规定，有exercise就用exercise
确认期间与equity相同
Modifications, cancellations and settlements
Modifications
increase in Fv of share-based payment
之前的不用改，之后的类似PPE价值改变之后折旧的处理
cash-settled → equity-settled
de-recognize the original liability, recognize the Fv of equity at the date of modification, any difference should be recognized in P/L
cancellation(提早取消)
视作提早搞定
treat as an acceleration of vesting, recognized the full amount immediately
settlement
不给股票了，用一些钱打发走
视作全部一次性确认，然后再用现金回购股票，同时差额计入P/L
disclosure
description of share-based payment arrangement, number of share options granted or exercised, total liabilities, expense, how Fv measured
IFRS 3 Business Combinations
classification
看股权
>50% subsidiary
判断是不是IFRS3 business
不是 → asset acquisition
是 → business acquisition
20% ~ 50% associate
IAS 28 equity method
<20% IFRS9 investment in equity instrument
看合同
IFRS 11 joint control
joint venture
IAS 28 equity method
joint operation
line-by-line
区分是卖一个固定资产还是business combination，用IAS 16还是用IFRS 3
an integrated set of activities and assets that is capable or being conducted and managed to provide a return, in the form of dividends, lower costs, or other economic benefit
ED：a set of assets that currently produces no outputs is only a business if it includes an organised workforce able to convert another acquired input into an output有组织的劳动力也行，不用有产出，但是要有能力产出
recognition
identify the acquirer收购人，主要看百分比，acquiree被收购人
determing the acquisition date
recognise and measure the identified assets, liabilities, NCI
the cost relate to the acquisition must be expensed, not regard as asset收购产生的费用都费用化，其实也就两个transaction cost要费用化，其他的都是资本化，另一个就是IFRS 9 的FVTP/L费用化
recognise and measure goodwill or gain(P/L)
measurement
contingent consideration或有对价，如果到指标，追加投资金额
measure the contingent consideration at fair value at the acquisition date
post-acquisition changes in Fv of the contingent consideration
并购后，不可以调整，并购前，可以调整（Fv实际在并购前发生改变，但是之后才发现，有确凿证据的，且在12个月之内，也可以改，12月原则）
remeasure之后记得要重新计算goodwill
IFRS 5 Non-Current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations
Non-current assets held for sale
definition
it's carrying amount will be recovered primarily through a sale transation rather than through continuing use
disposal group is a group of assets that the entity intends to dispose in a single transaction
如果是买了一整个子公司用来出售，需要满足“1年内+高概率+立即可售”的条件
partial consolidated: 所有资产加一个总数，所有负债加一个总数，用disposal group列报在母公司报表上
recognition
the criteria must be met: 1. the assets is available for immediately sale in its present condition 2. sale must be highly probable highly probable对应了很多条件： 12个月内，有合理的价格，有买家，管理层有正式的计划出售不是说说而已
exemption：有意愿在1年内卖出，但是客观原因卖不出且有证据也可以持续继续held for sale
measurement
classified as held for sale
lower of { carrying amount & fair value - cost to sell(NRV) }
因为没有继续使用的目的，所以不会有PV in use，也不会有depreciation
any impairment loss → P/L, 但因为公式是lower，所以不可能会有超过carrying amount的增值，所以增值只能用来抵消impairment loss
no longer classified as held for sale
lower of { 正常使用计算了depreciation的carrying amount & recoverable amount(higher of PV and NRV) }
disclosure
资产和相关负债单独列报
ASSET: non-current asset xxx current asset xxx non-current asset classified as held for sale xxx EQUITY: xxx LIABILITIES: non-current liabilities xxx current liabilities xxx liabilities directly associated with non-current assets classified as held for sale xxx
同时要披露description of the NCA, the facts/circumstances of sale, any impairment losses or reversals
discontinued operations
如果是单个资产，那就是NCA-HFS 如果是资产群，形成business，那就是discontinued operation
definition
separate major line of business / geographical area of operation
is part of a single coordinated plan to dispose the above business
is a subsidiary acquired exclusively(专门) with a view to resale and the disposal involves loss of control
地区，事业群终止了才算
单独列一行: revenue ...... profit for the year from continuing operations xxx discontinued operations profit for the year from discontinued operations (xxx) profit for the year xxx
IFRS 8 Operating Segments
经营分部，以披露为主，上市公司才用，且只有合并才披露
definition
3个确认要求
earn revenue and incur expense
regulary review by the chief operating decision maker CODM
financial infor. is available
reportable segments (recognition)
满足operating segments的definition
3个10% threshold满足其中一项
revenue(internal and external)
对内或者对外，超过集团总销售额的10%
all segments not reporting a loss(or all segments in loss if greater)
比较profit和loss，选择绝对金额大的那一个，忽略另一个，并取其中大于10%的事业部
e.g. 有100个事业部，其中65个亏钱亏100w，35个赚钱赚120w，那么只看赚钱的35个，再从其中取超过10%即12w的事业部进行披露
assets
aggregation criteria (measurement)
所有的分部加起来要够总的75%，如果不够的话，就把相似的继续加进来
相似：nature of product, service, production process......
即使不够10% thresholds也加进来
adv. & disadv.
better understood the performance, better assess the risk and return, more informed judgement
different entities not comparable, subjective of segments......
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments
definition
financial instrument
any contract that gives rise to both a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
合同：不一定要纸质，但一定要有法律效力 entity：可以是个人、合伙、公司、政府…
分为：financial asset, financial liability, equity instrument 另一种分类：debt instrument, equity instrument, derivatives
financial asset
1. cash 2. equity instrument of another entity 3. contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset
trade receivable, debenture loans receivable, shares
financial liability
1. contractual obligation 2. deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity 3. to exchange financial instruments with another entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable
trade payable, debenture loans payable, redeemable preference share
equity instrument
any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities 其实就是资产 - 负债
derivative
1. its value changes in response to the change in a specific underlying variable 2. requires no initial investment or smaller than other contracts but hava a similar response to changes 3. settle at a future date
recognition
不包括subsidiaries, associates, joint ventures, joint arrangements
只要签字，就要确认 recognize only when the entity become party to the contractual provision of the instrument
与conceptual framework不同，其他是要有probable inflow or outflow of resouces, and measured reliably
这里就是一个考点了
financial asset
1. the business model for managing the financial asset 2. contractual cash flow characteristic of the financial asset
business model讨论： 1. 不用一张一张看，可以归为大类 2. 用实际管理行为，而不是intention，实质重于形式 3. 一家公司可以有多种models 4. 偶尔改变一两张不会影响到整体model
held equity
只能用FV
FVTPL e.g.购买股票
交易费用费用化
FVTOCI
可选择进OCI，但是是irrevocable的，不能再改FVTP/L
交易费用计入carrying amount
held debt
classified 分两大类，三小类
amortised cost
both criterias met 1. hold asset for collecting contractual cash flow只为了合约现金流 2. solely payments of prinicipal and interest at specified date到期日只有本金和利息收入。e.g.10+10+10+…+10+110
+利息-还款+利息-还款……
注意，就单纯+利息-还款，不用做revaluation，利息用最开始的effective interest rate计算，一开始6%，之后年份变成8%也不用管，反正就全部用6%算
fair value cost
FVTOCI 长期持有
1. 为了合约现金流，也为了卖掉 2. irrevocable election initial recognised as FVTOCI初始归类确认
FVTP/L 短期销售
both criterias met 1. held for trading只为了卖掉 2. initial recognition is FVTP/L初始归类确认
股权投资，衍生产品只能用FVTP/L
买股票： Dr financial asset - investment in equity instrument Cr cash
公允价值变动通常默认都进P/L。 但是，对冲，not held for trading，则进到OCI
re-classification
只有debt可以改，equity只能用FV
debt instrument
amortised cost
both criterias met 1. hold for collecting contractual cash flow 2. solely payments of prinicipal and interest specified date到期日只有本金和利息收入
FVTP/L
both criterias met 1. both collecting contractual cash flow and held for trading 2. solely payments of prinicipal and interest on specified date到期日只有本金和利息收入
equity instrument
发行股票、发行衍生品
measurement
FVTP/L, OCI 交易费用作expense，摊销的作资本化
financial assets
initial cost = FV
正常情况下费用资本化，但如果FVTP/L就要费用化进P/L，FVTOCI也是资本化
Dr fin. asset Dr p/l ; oci Cr cash
amortised cost
加利息减支出……再减减值损失
financial liabilities
initial cost = transaction price
amortised cost, FVTP/L, 对冲和信用风险（其他风险都不算，只有公司自己的信用风险）进到OCI
FVTP/L should be treat differently: gain or loss from credit risk进到OCI gain or loss not from credit risk进到P/L
accounting mismatch
如果进到OCI之后会扩大会计错配，则直接进到OCI
会计错配e.g. 向别人借了钱，因为有钱提前预付了一些钱，算fin. asset记了P/L，后来又因为没钱，拖欠了一些钱，算fin. liability记了OCI，导致错配扩大，所以可以直接记P/L
impairment loss
indicators跟之前差不多，主要是对amortize model和FVTOCI的，FVTP/L的直接进利润表，不需要impairment
effect
1. 不会有大影响，因为借钱之前会有评估 2. 更加主观，信息分析能力不同 3. 数据成本很高 4. 会计制度不同
definition
credit loss
expected shortfall in contractual cash flow
expected credit loss
weighted average of credit loss
lifetime expected credit loss
不同的时间端，长期和短期，loss是不一样的
past due
过期
recognition
计算1年之内违约的可能性加权，确认之后马上做减值测试（不过通常都是没有）
后续确认
stage1一开始 initial recognition
列报是gross amount - allowance = net amount，计算有效利息用gross算，allowance确认12个月就好
stage2风险增加 credit risk significant
列报是gross amount - allowance = net amount，计算有效利息用gross算，allowance确认lifetime
stage3明显违约 objective evidence
列报是net amount，计算有效利息用net算，allowance确认lifetime
measurement
去掉最好和最坏的可能性并加权、折现、不用花工夫去发掘更多信息，基于现有信息计算probability-weighted outcome, time value of money, reasonable and supportable information without undue cost or effort（没必要的成本和努力）
undrawn facilities 银行信用卡透支额度内
一般作为stage1，不会有什么风险
simplified approach for trade and lease receivables应收账款
当然，对于非日常业务的，可以选择用3stage方法
不需要用3个stage，直接用lifetime expected credit loss，因为有很多交易合同，每个都做成本太大，所以直接用lifetime expected credit loss
Dr bad debt Cr allowances
de-recognition
de-recognise a financial asset
the contractual right expire
transfer to another entity(all rewards and risks)
这里是一个考点，有的并没有实际转移，没有满足control transfer的定义
unconditional sale of a financial asset
sale of a fin. asset together with an option to repurchase the fin. asset at FV
看起来像转移，但是实际上并没有撤销
1. repurchase price is a fixed price只是在借钱 2. 以后如果出现风险，我来付，那么其实并没有转移风险 3. 有索偿权
de-recognise a financial liability
已经履约了discharged
取消了cancelled
到期了expired
修改合同，PV相差超过10%，就需要确认新合同，撤销老合同
Hedging
definition
hedging
designating one or more hedging instruments so that the change in FV can be offset
hedge accounting
is required where there is a designated hedging relationship between a hedging instrument and a hedged item
hedged item 被套期项目
can be an asset, liability, firm commitment，与hedging instrument呈对应关系
exposes the entity to risk of changes in FV or future cash flow
is designated as being hedged
condition前提
要有关系，不能说金额刚好一样就算对冲
有一对一的关系must be designated base on the risk management, and must be formal documentation
分子分母颠倒计算，有在80%~125%之间就ok。should be highly effective in offsetting the risk, the gain or loss on the instrument & item within 80%~125%
subject of the hedge must be highly probable, measure reliably
accounting treatment
fair value hedges
被对冲项目可能在OCI或者P/L，对冲工具也要对应到OCI和P/L。立即进，不用缓冲
cash flow hedges
有效对冲的时候进到OCI，无效发生的进到P/L，最后完成的时候，再把OCI的重分类到P/L，OCI作为一个储蓄缓冲的存在
一个是立即进到对应的表，另一个是先进OCI缓冲，再转到P/L
discontinuing
不满足条件的时候才能终止，不能自行终止cease to meet the qualifying criteria
IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements
consolidate all subsidiaries both foreign and domestic
definition基本介绍
Control
拥有50%以上的普通股即算控制，但是小于50%也与可能算控制
meet all the criteria 1. power over the investee 2. 对被投资者的回报的所有权 3. 有能力影响被投资者的回报
potential voting rights
share warrants, share call options, convertible debt
only if the right is substantive
consider the purpose and design of the instrument, expectation, motives, reasons
综合考虑之后才确定是不是算潜在投票权
可以不并exclusion
定义上已经不是子公司（废话）
held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5
partial consolidation: 把子公司资产合并成一个数，加入流动资产，把负债合并成一个数，加入流动负债
reporting date
3 months or less
可以直接合并
more than 3 months
要重新做一张专门用于合并
uniform accounting polices
通常情况下用母公司的会计政策重新编制一张专门用于合并，但是如果编出来的结果严重失真，那还是用自己的会计政策
date of inclusion/exclusion要加入合并和退出合并的日期
obtain control/lose control
once no longer a subsidiary, it should be treated as an associate under IAS 28 or as an investment under IFRS 9
other standards that relevant to IFRS 10
IFRS 13 Fair value measurement
valuing NCI at acquisition
two goodwill calculations: 1. full method (fair value method) $NCI 2. partial method (proportion of net assets method) %NCI
the negative goodwill recognized in P/L
only used at the acquisition date, at the year end, the NCI will increase by the share of the subsidiary's retained earnings 如果给的是去年的NCI，那么今年的NCI应该是去年+今年的profit
fair value adjustment calculations
作为一个equity类科目用来抵消部分商誉
ensure the Bv of net asset is the same as the Fv
intangible assets
Dr intangible asset Cr fair value adjustment
contingent liabilities
Dr fair value adjustment Cr contingent liability
restructuring and future losses
should not recognised liabilities or future losses or cost to be incurred as a result of the business combination, unless already committed the plan before acquisition预计合并后产生的费用不能确认
怕用来之后释放以平滑利润
IAS 28 Investments in associates and joint ventures
definition
the power to participate, but not control
recognition
use the equity method, unless the IFRS 5 held for sale, when lost significant influence, should de-recognised IAS 28 and use the FV on initial recognition as IFRS 9 financial instrument
measurement
equity method
SOFP
investment in associate at cost + group's share of associate's post-acquisition profit or loss 成本 + 合并后损益%
P/L
group's share of associate's post-acquisition profit or loss合并后损益%
OCI
group's share of associate's other comprehensive income after tax
fair value adjustment & group share of intra-group unrealised profit 需要计算，处理方式与子公司相似
when investment is at nil value(投资血本无归时), the additional losses only recognised where investor incur obligation or made payment on behalf of associate
there is no goodwill need to impairment, because it's not separately recognised in IAS 28
consolidated financial statement
complex group
several subsidiary companies
合并报表中只要列一个NCI和一个goodwill即可，不用列一大堆
sub-subsidiaries
P -80%- S -75%- SS
思路应该是：P可以控制S，S可以控制SS，所以SS是P的子公司，P可以通过S来控制SS。而不是P有80%的S，S有75%的SS，从而P有60%的SS，这种思路是错的
P -80%- S -60%- SS
NCI in S owns 20% of 60% = 12% of SS
NCI in SS owns 40%
so the NCI owns 52% of SS, and P owns 48%, but SS is P's subsidiary
consolidating sub-subsidiaries
红p177
date of effective control
看实际控制的那天，即P和S都入手了SS的股份，且P达到控制的那一天
direct holdings in sub-subsidiaries: 'D' shaped groups
direct NCI in S is 20%, in SS is 15% indirect NCI in SS is 20% @ 75% = 15% so the total NCI in SS is 15% + 15% = 30%
another calculation: 1 - (75%@80% + 10%) = 30%
consolidating sub-subsidiaries
红p183
I shape D shape不考了现在！！
changes in group structures
classification
10%~50%+, 35%~50%+, 60%~80%
general principal 'crossing an accounting boundary'
这里指的是判断需不需要第一次纳入合并的计算
acquisition
gain or loss is recognised in P/L unless hold as an equity instrument and a irrevocable election to FVTOCI
红p187
acquisition where control is retained 在保持控制的情况下增加或减少投资
集团不会有损益，视作大小股东之间交换股权，不会出现在P/L，只会在SOFP科目之间转换
e.g. decrease in NCI - FV of consideration paid + Decrease in NCI in net assets at date of transaction + Decrease in NCI in goodwill at date of transaction = Adjustment to parent's equity
红p192
disposal
types of disposal
full disposal
80% to nil
subsidiary to associate
80% to 30%
subsidiary to trade investment
80% to 10%
general principal 'crossing an accounting boundary'
没有穿过50%的时候，不用做P/L，视作股东之间股权交易，调整equity； 穿过50%的时候，才需要做P/L，用当天的FV进行计算
effective date of disposal
同上，实质退出的那一天
accounting treatment
SOFP是时点表，压根不用算子公司； SPL是期间表，所以要算n/12
full disposal
SPLOCI
披露合并结果和当天损益
SOFP
因为年底已经没有子公司了，所以压根不用列入合并了
partial disposal
subsidiary to associate
SPLOCI
用n/12计算合并月份的损益 + 处置损益 + 处置后associate的损益
SOFP
不用合并，因为当天已经不是子公司
equity account(investment in associate), using the fair value as the new 'cost'
subsidiary to trade investment
SPLOCI
用n/12计算合并月份的损益 + 处置损益 + 处置后获得dividend
SOFP
不用合并，因为当天已经不是子公司
investment remain at the FV at the date of disposal, treat as investment in equity instrument under IFRS 9
disposal where control is retained
SPLOCI
no p/l on disposal, 继续视为合并, NCI of p/l based on % before and after disposal, time apportion
SOFP
goodwill unchange, NCI based on the year end %, 视为大小股东之间股权交易adjust parent's equity
集团不会有损益，视作大小股东之间交换股权，不会出现在P/L，只会在SOFP科目之间转换
e.g. increase in NCI + FV of consideration received - increase in NCI in net assets at disposal - increase in NCI in goodwill at disposal = Adjustment to parent's equity
红p196-197
calculation
parent statement
+ FV of consideration received - carrying value of investment disposed of = p/l on disposal
group statement
+ FV of consideration received + FV of any investment retained Less share of consolidated carrying value at date control lost net asset goodwill - NCI = group p/l
IFRS 11 Joint Arrangements
contractual arrangement把joint arrangement从investment in an associate中区分出来，如果没有合同，那就没有joint arrangement
definition
joint control - 股东（可大可小）与其他股东之间有合同关系，作决策的时候要带上对方，必须都同意，虽然是小股东 joint control exists when the decisions making require the unanimous consent of the parties sharing control
joint arrangements often found when each party contribute in different ways to the activity,比如有人提供资金，有人提供供应链，有人提供市场营销……
joint operation - 自己承担自己的P/L，自己干自己，
joint venture - 按照各自持股的比例承担整个团体的P/L
accounting
比较差异
joint operation
把属于自己的line-by-line合并即可，只算自己的百分比，控股是把100%所有合并
joint venture
equity method, 与IAS 28 investment in associate and joint ventures相同处理
如果没有成立公司，那就一定时joint operation，如果有成立公司，要根据经济实质判断是JO还是JV
经济实质: 1. legal form of the separate vehicle 2. terms of the contractual arrangement 3. relevant , other facts and circumstances
IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement
definitions
the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
在有序orderly的交易中，市场参与者在某一刻meaurement date得出的交易价格
measurement
Fv is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement
可能有不同的活跃市场，取其中出的reliably最高价
find the Fv in the principal(active) market or in the most advantageous market
principal market is the most liquid for asset or liability
greatest volume + frequency + ongoing base
流动性强，交易量大的是principal market
如果没有流动性大的市场，就用最终价格（减去transaction cost）最高的市场，然后再看before transaction cost的价格来用作fair value
Fv is not adjusted for transaction costs. 但是类似运费transport cost就要包括进去
因为交易成本是市场的成本，不同的市场可能不同，甚至不满意市场成本的话可以直接私下场外买卖，所以与公允价值无关。但是运费要包含，因为运费其实是地段价值的体现
valuation technique
when market activity decline, the entity should use the valuation technique to measure Fv, there is no requirement for technique, but for input data.
LEVLE 1 quoted prices(unadjusted) in active marke直接报价
LEVLE 2 input rather than quoted prices, non-active market替代品的报价
LEVEL 3 unobservable, using own assumption自己估值
Fv adv&disadv
historical cost则相反
决策更相关，与未来现金流更密切，来源于市场可比性更强
市场选择比较主观，hard to calculate, cost, lack of experience, misleading in non-active market
IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers
definition
主营业务收入，ordinary and operating activities，非日常的是gain 收入不包括销项税 不包括lease contract，financial instrument，exchange
recognition
recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods and services
measurement
five-step model framework
125是确认 34是计量
step1: identify the contract with the customer（确定合同）
a contract should meet all the conditions: 1. approved by all the parties 2. each parties right and obligation have been identified 3. payment terms are identified 4. has the commercial substance（有风险和报酬的转换，没有商业实质的exchange是虚增收入） 5. probable collected the consideration note: 前3点构成了法律责任
主要是后两个，要有商业目的，对价要能收回
contract combination
满足条件之一的时候要合并： 1. 同一商业目的的一揽子交易 a single package, single commercial objective 2. 价格之间会互相影响 consideration depend on other contract 3. 是单个履约义务 a single performance obligation
contract modification
完全前后不相关
as a separate contract 完全就是一个新合同 增加了可明确区分的商品及价款，且价款反映了新增商品单独售价
拆分为单独的合同
e.g. 增加新商品有一个新的售价，CPA审计课4000元，后来增加会计课3400元，两个课程可以单独区分，有单独售价，所以要拆分单独确认
部分相关，已履行的不相关，未履行的相关
prospectively
已经履行与未履行的区分，前后售价不同，视为合同终止
e.g. 续约而降价，原合同终止，从续约时开始重新计算，视为创造了新的合同
完全相关，合同完全改变
through a cumulative catch-up adjustment
变更后要合在一起
e.g. 成本变多，售价改变，后面改的要合到现在的合同里面，而不是重新开一张新的合同，这样才能使得前后所有的成本收益相匹配 at the date of modification
考点主要是在变更日当天确认新收入
step2: identifying the separate performance obligation within a contract（识别单项履约义务）
performance obligation are promises to transfer distinct good or services to customers: distinct means: 1. not integrated, good and services are separately identifiable from others，其中一个不会影响到其他条款，货物之间不会高度关联 2. customer can benefit from the good or service on its own
可以可区分单独stand-alone basis拿出来卖，因为消费者能够单独获益，才能够单独拿出来卖
合二为一才能获益的，就是不能区分开来的
step3: determine the transaction price（确定交易价格）
是指不含税价格，且不包括代收的价格，交易对价要注意几个点： 1. variable consideration 用期望，或者用最大的可能性 2. significant financing component 大于一年的都会有利息，要区分是利息支出还是利息收入，同时要把货币时间价值计算在内 3. non-cash consideration 没有现金的用公允价值 IFRS 13 4. consideration payable to customers 有时候有回扣，要减掉，抵消consideration
highly probable that the significant reversal will not occur确认了的金额，大概率不会发生重大金额转出
step4: allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation in the contracts（价格分摊到单项履约义务）
allocate the price by reference to the relative standalone selling prices, and several methods might be used: 1. adjusted market assessment approach 市场调整法，根据Fv，考虑成本毛利 2. expected cost plus a margin approach 成本加成法，成本+毛利 3. residual approach 根据合同总额，减去其他单项资产价格之和，不太公允，不得已才用
step5: recognize revenue when the entity satisfies a performance obligation（履行各单项义务的时候确认收入）
over time
满足其中一个就算over time，否则就是point in time 1. simultaneously receive and consume 同时取得并消耗 2. customer control the asset 客户可以控制在建商品 3. does not alternative use, and entity has the enforcable right to require payment 定制物品，企业有权利要求客户按完工进度还款
如果不是定制化的话，做完也可以卖给别人，那么风险和报酬并没有特定转移给客户，如果客户不要了，也可以给别人，那么可以认为是自己在制造而已
over time确认方式
input method投入了多少成本，用来做比例
output method产出了多少，做了多少层楼，用来做比例
a point in time
转移控制权的时候一次性全额确认收入
control 的定义
can direct its use
obtain most of its remaining benefit
contract cost
合同获得成本
签了才会发生 → 资本化
签不签都会发生 → 费用化
合同履约成本 cost of fullfill the contract
同时满足 1. relate directly直接相关 2. generate or enhance resources增加了未来用于履约的资源（未来经济利益流入） 3. costs are expected to recovered对价能收回 资本化，并且进行摊销
举例子 common types of transaction
sale with a right of return
可能收到退货，则不能直接确认收入
可以计算期望，并且确认为refund liability，用来冲减部分revenue
1. Dr cash Cr revenue Cr refund liability
2. 退 - 退回现金 Dr refund liability Cr cash
3.不退 - 记回收入 Dr refund liability Cr revenue
commision/principal versus agent
佣金/被代理人与代理人
the principal control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer
agent确认佣金作为收入，代收的不是收入，agent没有inventory risk，没有定价权，没有credit risk
deferred income/warranties 保修
option to purchase the warranty separately
separate contract
not have the option, 因为合同中没有义务，所以跟IFRS 15无关，用另外的准则
in accordance with IAS 37
consignment arrangement
代卖，上面的agent是代收钱
definition
托销，seller → dealer/distributor, the dealer do not obtain control of product
indicators
product is controlled by the seller until it has been sold
seller can require the return of the product, transfer to another entity
dealer do not pay seller for product
accounting
seller转移了控制权给dealer
Dr inventory Cr liability
liability - deposit, excess classified as 'trade payable'
转移了控制权，是付钱买东西，相当于还供应商货款，deposit是押金的意思
seller没转移控制权给dealer
不用记账
any deposit under 'other receivable'
无转移控制权，相当于给对方一个押金，未来对方要还我们
bill-and-hold arrangement
售后代保管
the entity need to determine at what point the customer obtains control of the product
criteria
reason for the bill-and-hold must be substantive
product separately identified as belong to the customer
ready for physical transfer to customer
the supplier do not have the ability to transfer the product to another customer
全部满足才认为实质控制发生转移， 才可以确认收入
sale&repurchase
repurchase agreements
entity has an obligation to repurchase the asset (远期合约)
entity has the right to repurchase the asset (看涨期权)
现在确定一个价格以后购买资产，说明是看涨，现在的价格一般会比之后的低，才有赚
entity must repurchase the asset if requested to do so by the customer (看跌期权)
options for additional goods or services
基于某份合同再次购买时可以打折
折扣加入到新的stand-alone selling price, 即additional price中，确认为一份新的合同，如果客户不行权，则视作给了offer但是别人不接受，不做任何处理
customers' unexercised right 客户放弃的权利
合理估计比例breakage amount，确认收入；如果不能估计，则最后才确认收入
non-refundable upfront fees 不可返还费用
is charged at the beginning of the contract，比如为了推广保健品让别人加入健康俱乐部交的的会费，但是不能确认为收入，类似预收账款，只有当商品提供的时候才能一起确认
做预收账款 Dr cash Cr liablity
licensing
not distinct不与其他商品区分 - treat as a single performance obligation
distinct与其他商品区分 - separate performance obligation
at a point in time无期限
一次性确认
哪个晚哪个确认收入
the sale or usage occurs(客户后销售或使用行为实际发生)
performance obligation to which the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied(企业履行相关履约义务)
over time有期限
在期间确认
IFRS 16 Leases
对出租人leasor有经营租赁和融资租赁之分 对承租人leasee全部单一处理 IFRS16 & IAS17, 对于lessor来说，还是分为融资和经营租赁 对于lessee来说，IAS37没有区分，IFRS16区分了融资租赁和exemption
承租人LESSEE ACCOUNTING
definition
a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified for a period of time
1. the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from use of identified asset 2. the right to direct the use of the identified asset
direct the use（想怎么用就怎么用）和identified asset（具体一个，或者完全一模一样的另一个）缺一不可，必须是一个确定的资产，没有指定的资产则不是lease
出租人可以换成其他资产，就不算lease了，算购买服务，因为没有“指定资产+使用权”两者同时具备
lease incentives补助、回扣的意思
payment made by a lessor to a leasee associated with a lease
recognition
recognise right-of-use asset and lease liability for all leases more than 12 months, short-term and low value may charged to P/L as an expense租赁费用（可以选择不用lease）
针对承租人leasee而言的； 实质上是分期付款的购买行为
Dr NCA - right-of-use asset / 也可以写PPE，但是要在note做披露 Cr NCL - Lease liability
豁免exemption：低价值、很短期
initial measurement
right-of-use asset
跟IAS 16 PPE一样，都是3个要素，2个原则
3个要素：1. 采购价格；2. 直接相关；3. 财务费用资本化 2个原则：1. 直接相关；2. 预计可使用状态
1. PV of liability相当于采购价
2. lease payment at commencement date也相当于采购价，
3. initial direct cost达到可使用状态前
4. dismantling and removing the underlying asset or restoring恢复成本也要计入
lease liability
用interest rate，如果没有的话则用incremental borrowing rate，承租人不一定有出租人的数据，不得已只能用借款利率
fixed payment - any lease incentives receivable, variable lease payment depend on index or rate, residual value guarantees, purchase option, penalties for terminate the lease
Dr right-of-use asset Cr lease liability Cr cash(bal)
subsequent measurement
right-of-use asset
cost model
C/V = B/V - D/A - impairment losses +- adjust for remeasurement
折旧期限用lower of lease term and useful life
other measurement models
IAS 16和IAS 40的Fv model
lease liability
C/V = B/V + effective interest - lease payment +- reassessment or lease modification
增加利息，减去还款
remeasure use revised discount rate
时间发生了改变
lease term
option to purchase the underlying asset
remeasure use original discount rate
时间没有改变
residual guarantee
payment related to the market index rate
折旧和计息是分开的，到最后一年bal都会变成0
disclosure
lessee should disclose the right-of-use assets and lease liabilities separately from other assets and liabilities
出租人LESSOR ACCOUNTING
需要区分经营租赁和融资租赁 （根据有没有转移资产的风险和收益的所有权区分）
financial lease
definition
期限超过useful life 75%
其实lessee上面就是在做融资租赁的处理
recognition and measurement
要把资产的derecognised
初始计量，资产撤销，换作应收 Dr lease receivable(其实是将来的资金做折现) Cr underlying asset note：差额进P/L
direct cost资本化 Dr lease receivable Cr Cash
收到利息 Dr lease receivable Cr finance income
manufacture or dealer lessors
recognition
recognize each of finance lease of revenue(lower of Fv and PV) and cost of sale(carrying amount - PV of residual value )
用lower是基于谨慎性原则
operating lease
IAS 16 其实就是出租收入，计入income，运营费用计入expense，同时资产要做折旧
经营租赁不是全部时间都用于出租，一般是平时自己用，一段时间用于出租，如果买房来的主要目的就是为了出租，那么就要用IAS 40
卖房收入不能计入operating lease，因为主营的并不是卖房
结合其他准则
售后回租sale and leaseback transaction
IFRS 15判断有没有转移； 售后回租视作一揽子交易
transfer is a sale
首先是要控制转移，才算sale，控制的定义underIFRS15, can direct its use & obtain most of the remaining benefit
seller-lessee（p170）
售价等于公允价值
Dr cash Dr right-of-use asset Cr underlying asset Cr liability bal → gain or loss on transfer
cash和underlying asset用实际交易金额和Cv liability根据上面准则进行计算 right-of-use asset = liability/cash * underlying asset表示资产中实际用于使用的部分，其余的是转化为借款利息 差额最后才是真正的gain or loss
售价不等于公允价值
多卖的钱视作向buyer-lessor借钱，差额计入liability；少卖的钱视作借给buyer-lessor钱，差额计入receivable
白p68
buyer-lessor
确认资产之后，用finance lease或者operating lease的方式确认
transfer is not a sale
不用撤销或者确认underlying asset，其实是抵押贷款，所以不能终止确认
seller-lessee
Dr cash Dr right-of-use asset Cr underlying asset Cr liability bal → gain or loss on transfer
跟上面一模一样
buyer-lessor
Dr receivable Cr cash
相当于借钱给别人
Ethical duty of the accountant
principle
integrity、objectivity、professional competence and due care、confidentiality、professional behaviour
threat
self-interest
self-review
advocacy
familiarity
intimadation
答题模板！！
Acc.issue
会计准则的要求、题目中是怎么做的（抄题）、题目中错在哪里、对财报的影响
IAS37 states that.......相关准则规定 XXX company.....适当抄题 it's incorrect to... because... which is not comply with错在哪里，应该怎么做 impact, overstate to specific entry对具体科目的影响
ethic
财务信息的重要性、管理层和会计师的责任、动机、threat&principle、safeguard
users rely on F.S. to make economic decision信息的重要性 director should prepare the F.S., 责任，减少错报 accountant should ignore pressure, avoid creative accounting motivation: bonus, covenant, related party....动机，link to case threat, principle breach, 道德威胁和原则错误 safeguard: discuss with TCWG, seek advice, keep record 措施 重点写动机和道德威胁
interpreting F.S
APM,alternative performance measures
定义
financial measure of historical or future financial performance, position, cash flow, other than financial measure define in the IFRS,除了财报之中的，以外的有利于user做决策的指标都可以写到APM里面
优点
clearer story telling about how the business perform 更清楚的说明业务表现
more freedom and flexibility to tailor 更加自由、定制化
缺点
can be manipulated 容易被操纵
为何会误导投资者？
management bias in the calculation 计算时有管理层偏见
inconsistency in the calculation 不同年份可能不持续
standard中没有说明，投资者难理解
management commentary
定义
narrative report relate to F.S.，with historical explanations of the F.S., help understand the management objectives and strategies to achieve the business objective
解释历史数据、展望未来、非财务信息（行业信息）、目标和战略
优点
provide management view of the F.S. 提供管理层视角
supplement and complement to F.S.对财报的补充说明
forward-looking 向前看
practice statement
non-binding guidance document rather than IFRS， 没有约束力的，IFRS才有约束力
integrated reporting
定义
communication about how an organization's strategy, governance, performance and propect, in the context of its external environment, lead to creation of value over short, medium and long term 与投资者解释本公司会如何通过战略、治理，结合外部环境，实现公司长中短期的价值创造
优点
improve the quality of infor. 提高信息质量
enhance accountability and stewardship 提高高管的责任意识
integrate thinking, decision making focus on value creation专注价值创造
current issue
recognition of asset and liability
conceptual framework
meet the definition of asset or liability
probable the future economic benefit will flow to or from the entity
the cost or value can be measured reliably
exposure draft
relevant information about the element
faithful representation of the element
删去了probability,所以有更多的资产负债可以确认在内
information result in the benefit exceeding the cost
(removed)
考点：考察不同准则之间确认在probability方面的区别
IFRS9 financial asset，只要成为合同的一方，就要确认 IAS 37 provision，probable才可以确认 IAS 37 asset，virtually certainty才可以确认 IAS 38，满足PIRATE原则才可以确认
accouting policy
retrospective do not need to be applied, cost-benefit analysis如果回溯的成本太大的话，大于回溯带来的利益，就不回溯了
materiality
来自practice statement
if not material, do not need to disclose, even the IFRS required
不是做给所有人看的，而是给primary user看的，investor lender creditor
quantitative，qualitative，如果数量上已经超过了5%，那必然是重要的，如果没有超过5%，但是qualitative上是重要的，那么就要降低threshold，比如降到4%
characteristic of equity
区分liability和equity
满足一个就可以算liability，两个都不满足的时候才算equity
1. 未来某一特定时点会流出合同现金流 unavoidable contractual obligation to transfer cash or other financial asset at a specified time
2. 不管自身表现如何都会流出现金流 unavoidable contractual obligatoin for an amount independent of the entity's available economic resources
IAS32说要两个都满足才能算financial liability，现在只要满足其中一个即可，说明负债确认条件变宽，equity确认条件变严格