导图社区 考研英语核心要点汇总
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编辑于2021-10-09 14:00:49考研英语核心汇总
新题型
词汇复现
识别:原词重复、同义词、近义词、同类词、上下义关系 等重复出现在语篇中
复现词→实词
上义词:大范围(娱乐); 下义词:小范围(看电视)
指代关系
识别指示代词,代替上文中的人或物,注意单复数 (实现上下文连接)
总结
人称代词
he/ his/ him/ they/ them /their
指示代词
one/ this/ that/ these/ those/ the +n./ such+n.
注意事项
人名:前文是全名,后文可以只用姓或Mr.(英二)
代词位置:空格后,选项首句(英一)
数字/时间
识别:在议论文中,有数字论证。 纯数字、时间词、暗含数字含义的词
总结
纯数字
15%/ 50/ first
时间词
now/ later/ century/ soon/ millennium/ during+年份
暗含数字含义的词
金钱相关
fund/ cost/ budget/ profit/ price /sale
比例数量
percent/ percentage/ amount
增加
rise/ raise/ high/ grow/ boost/ increase/ improve/ soar
减少
drop/ fall/ low/ reduce/ decline/ decrease/ descend/ slump
逻辑关系
识别:并列、转折、因果、总分
翻译
英语一:全是长难句
句子内部的通顺
英语二:少量长难句
篇章的连贯性
解题步骤
判断句子是否有并列的结构的连接词,并确定其连接的成分
and, but,or
功能一致,词性必须相同
not only but also; not.. but..; either...or
词性不一定相同,功能必须一致
注意:thus; therefore; thereby; then
体现并列结构的先后顺序
定位句子的主干
80%在句首(主谓一致)
高频短语:
v.+A+as+B 变被动: A be + ved + as +B
把A动词成B
变形: v. + as +B + A
如果动词不认识,翻译成:当作,看作,认为,视为
被动语态
尽量不要出现“被”
替换动词
得到,获得,受到,遭受
或直接变成主动
注意时态
画出所有介词短语(固定搭配除外),并判断其修饰对象
介词短语的构成
介+n. 介+v-ing
主谓一致
判断其对象
情况1:左边是名词--修饰该名词
译法:介词短语+n.
注意
n1 and n2 + 介词短语
n1和n2全部修饰
a. + n. + 介词短语
先介再a.(a.必须紧挨n.)
a.不认识可以不翻译
n.+of doing
同位语(解释该n.)
情况2:左边不是名词--修饰动词
译法:放在动词后
这些介词短语属于情况2
介词+时间词
介词+way/means...
in turn/ in effect
判断句子是否有插入语
标准
1 逗号、破折号
2 插在主谓之间(左n. 右 v.)
把插入语去掉,让主谓形成一个完整的句子
切分名词后的分词短语和定语从句
n + v-ing
n + done
n. + that / which/ who + whose / where/ when
切分时注意定语从句终点
译法:前置 后置
考研英语写作
大作文:图表作文(英一图画)
第一段
描述图表+中心总结(4句话)
1,2 用主从描述图表 what is obvious is that+描述图表
一幅图两个主体两个动作
3 引出文章中心的过渡段
4 文章中心
第二段
原因分析段(4句话)
1 引出原因分析的总述句
2 3 4 具体原因分析
第三段
总结段(4句话)
1 总结句
总之(in short)+推荐句型
被动/as as/ so that/ if /比喻
再用插入语,双重否定,强调句型 加工
2 3 具体实施
it is important that
connot have failed to
4 喊口号
反问法
引语法
小作文:应用文
公务书信
称呼
文中已给出
Dear+文中给出的内容
文中未给出
Dear sir or madom
正文
第一段
自我介绍
文中已给出
I am + 文中给出的内容
文中未给出
I am an undergraduate / a senior/ a junior from the department of Physical Education in a / this university.
写作目的
I, to be frank , am writing the letter in order to
写作目的文中一定已给出
第二段
文中一定已给出要求,按要求来写
第三段(两句)
文中已经做出要求
一句话来写文中要求的内容
第二句话,期待回信
文中未给出要求
表示感谢
My thanks to you for your generous assistance are beyond words.
Words fail me when I desire to express my sincere gratitude to you for your kind consideration my requirement/ application/ complaint.
I take the opportunity to show my heartfelt appreciation for your generous assistance you rendered me.
期待回信
I am looking forward to your reply.
I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest conbenience.
your prompt attention to my ... would be highly appreciated.
落款
Yours truly, Li Ming
私人书信
称呼
文中一定已给出:Dear+文中给出的内容
正文
第一段
问候(自己写)
It is great to hear from you again.
Nothing could have given me greater pleasure than to get news of you.
You have no idea how happy I was to receive your letter.
As to / with reference to / with regard to / as regards... 引出目的
写作目的(同公务书信)
第二段
同公务书信
第三段
祝福语+期待回信
Please bring my best wished to your family.
I wish you good health and lots of happiness.
I wish every success for your career / study in the future.
落款
Yours truly, Li Ming
告示
标题
Notice (居中)
称呼
有无均可(不写)
正文
第一段
写作目的
we are to...
具体论述
公务书信第二段
第二段
欢迎加入
welcome to join us
we are waiting for your coming
联系方式
if you intended to join us, please email us at xxx...
落款
单位名字(右下角)
英语作文满分句型
简单句
被动
人称代词作主语,写成被动
我们应该孝敬父母-父母应该被我们孝敬:parents shoule be respected by us.
污染很严重
pollution is thought very serious by an increasing number of experts an professors.
一段最后引出文章中心,或三段第一句文章总结
there be
there exist/seem/remain/appear 有
二段第一句引出原因分析时使用
There seen may reasons explaining my idea.
比较结构
as...as
出现a. ad. 都可写成 as...as..
Liu is as beautiful as a red red rose,which manges to take away the breath of a sea of children an adults.
sth is as important as sunshine ,which plays a crucial role in the normal growth of all creature on the earth.
sth is as fearful as cancers, which have threatened the health of patients or even taken their lives away.
一段最后一句引出文章中心,或三段第一句文章总结
the more... the more...
the+a./ad.比较级 + 句子,the+a./ad.比较级 + 句子
the more diligently all children an adults study, the luckier they will become.
The more frequently the culture is exchanged, the more rapidly chinese economy and technology will evolve.
二段分析原因时使用
并列句
and / but 句型
一段描述一幅画两个主体两个动作 或 两幅画时使用
In the picture, the goal-keeper is imaging himself as small as an ant.On the contrary, the soccer player is presuming his rival exceedingly giant.
not only...but also
二段分析原因时使用
复合句
主语从句
一段第一句,引出描述图画或图表
it...that
it proves common knowledge that
it keeps my perspective that
it is universally acknowledged that
it has been widely accepted that
更好的主语从句
把it变成what,在that前加is
同位语和同位语从句
n修饰n
模板:the evidence that+一个表示原因的简单句+manifests that+文章的总结句
the evidence that a heaven of shining stars and pure monlights fail to be detected by urban kids manifests that pollution has become increasingly grave.
定语和定语从句
见n+定语,使画面生动
万能定语
正面词
as well as(连接两个a.)/ cute/ lovely/ little/graceful/ elegant/ young/ confident/ energetic/ enthusiatic/ passinate/ aggressive/ ambitious
who looks distinctly impressive to readers.
负面词
fat cruel ugly negative dispassioned terrible disgusting disgraceful
who looks reather less inpressive to readers.
满分表达
which引导非限定,修饰前面整句话
可写在二段某个较短的原因后面
He looks like a lady-killer, which has been widely accepted by the people around him/ which leaces us a deep impression.
状语和状语从句
状语
见到这些就是状语:副词、方式(by)、原因、让步(although)、条件if、伴随with、目的in order to、 时间when、结果so.that、 地点 比较
第一段话描述一定要加状语
描述原因的万能状语
as every private individual tends to see it.
in light of the rapid advance of science and technology
in our contemporary society
in the general routine of everyday living
although many people fail to pay attention to the problem
满分表达
although
写在任何一句话旁边,对这句话意思进行弱转折
Farmers enable their decendants to enjoy better education like their peers in cites /although they lead a painful and tough life every day.
so...that
出现a. ad.地方都可写成so..that
sth keeps so crucial/grave that the problem should have been brought into the limelight under modern conditions.
分词作状语,放主谓之间,作插入语使用
描述一个主题两个动作时使用
sb(定),doing sth1(次要)+定/状,is doing sth2(主要)+ 定/状
An American girl cute as well as attractive ,smiling sweetly in the center of the vivid photograph,is wearing Chinese traditional constume which keeps pupular in the shouth of China.
特殊结构
插入语
以下万能插入语,用逗号或破折号隔开
needless to say(不用说)/ in my judgment/ to my knowledge/
honestly/exactly speaking
to tell the truth/ as I see it/ as we all know
双重否定
never fail to
没有意思表强调,写在任何一个肯定句谓语前
强调句型
it is..that.
除了谓语,强调句型可强调句子的所有成分
虚拟语气
if引导的虚拟语气
表示语气委婉
if you were a drop of tear in my eyes, i would never shed it.
条件状语变成虚拟语气 只需把写好的时态变成它的过去式
if every Chinese customer failed to purchase nationsl products,he or she would pay a heavy price in the near future.
二段最后反面论证 或 三段一句总结
it seems imperative/essential/urgent that
that后面加should+V原形 表虚拟
倒装
就是把一句话写成一般疑问句形式
not only does he look poor but also in fact keeps poor in his mind
so..that 句型,把so引导的部分放句首用倒装
So delighted am i that i cannot help laughing at midnight.
单词替换
parents
superiors
the olderly
senior citizens
should
ought to / be supposed to / be obliged to
we us people
广泛
human beings/ private indibiduals/ the masses/ folks
children/ kids/ offspring/ descendants/ teenagers and youngsters
undergraduates/ youngsters on campus(大学生)/ experts and professors/
Chinese customer/ all children and adults(每一个人)/ men and women in all walks
not
never/ by on means/ under no circumstances/ fail to
think
hold/ argue/ assume/ presume/ contend/ maintain
be of the opinion that/ have been convinced that/ cling to the perspective that
very
pretty/ quite/ rather
distinctly/ outstandingly/ remarkably/ exceedingly
especially/ extraordinarily/ enormously/ strikingly/ more than
serious
grave/ severe/ fearful / fatal/ be of great severity
many
a sea of/ a host of/ a train of/ a multitude of/ an army of / immense amouts of/ mumerous/ plentiful
reasons
causes/ factors/ elements
explain
accounts for/ be responsible for
idea
viewpoint/ argument/ outlook / point
be
look/ smell/ taste/ feel /sound/ seem/ appear/ prove/ become/ get/ keep/ remain
beautiful
attractive/ elegant/ graceful /charming
important
crucial/ critical/ fundamental/ indispensable/ play a key role in sth/ be of great importance
and
likewise/ simultaneously/ at the same time
but
conversely/ nevertheless/ unfortunately/ on the contrary
prcture
cartoon/ painting/ photograph/ drawing/ caricature
pay attention to
pour attention into/ place great emphasis on / attach great importance to/ shed light on/ focus on
problem
issue/ phenomenon/ matter/ current/ situation/ subject
英语阅读
基本原则
阅读的基本方向
1.串联题干间的逻辑,推测文章主题,明确方向
2.学会抓住作者的态度 +/-
根据形容词 副词来判断
3.把握句子间的逻辑,段落间的逻辑
相同/相反
无转折词,优先考虑相同逻辑
相同逻辑优先考虑因果关系
4.反复强调的是重点!重点是考点!
作者一般是少数原则
5.表转转折
now/today时间相反,一切相反
while(虽然,而)90%表强烈对比
6.代词的指代,就近原则,在上文中找
7.注意but也可以表递进
Eg:Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents,but in recent years it has been particularly scorned.
干扰选项特征
1.正反混淆
2.偷换概念
原文中只有部分信息与选项对应
注意偷换单词的形式
Eg:在原文中是criticism(评论,批评) 选项中变成ctitic(评论家)
3.答非所问
注意审清题干
4.不同内容的嫁接
eg:原文A and B 选项A but B
5.非最佳答案
6.绝对化用词
only/must/exclusively/never/all
最高级往往不是正确答案,除非原文中有说明
7.“路见不平,不要拔刀相助”
原文只说明了现象,而选项还引申了解决办法
8.因果倒置
9.选项中的比较级
大多数为干扰,观察原文是由有
10.主被动偷换
原文主动,选项被动/原文被动,选项主动
11.将时态与原文转换
时间不一致,则内容就不一致
正确选项特征
1. 同义改写
本质:考察单词量
2. 与中心思想密切相关
细节服从主旨
3. 语气缓和
some/may/partly(注意结合文章,不是据对正确的)
4. 最佳答案更具概括性
5. 互为相反的选项,必有一个为正确选项
细节题
标志
what/how/why/because/in that等+具体信息
解题方法
因果题(找对应)
because/since/for/as
从句___,S+V+O. (原因) (结果) S+V+O,___. (原因) (结果)
相同逻辑关系,优先考虑因果关系
A is responsible for B 因 果
当一个现象具有多个成因,考查主要原因时,次要原因就会成为干扰
其他常见因果逻辑词
原因
owing to/due to/attribute to/derive from/originate from/stem from/reult from
结果
so/therefore/consequently/contribute to/lead to/A is a reaction to B
定位好的地方是重点!
例证题
标志
example/ case/ illustrate/ demonstrate/ to show/ by citing
解题方法
例子本身不重要,重要的是例子支持的观点,观点一般在例子前,有时也在例子后
干扰选项特征
就事论事,一般只是例子本身,而不是所支持的观点
取反例证
例:yet+观点 yet表转折,说明例子支撑的观点与后文相反,所以应该将后文取反
推理题
infer/ learn from/ imply/ suggest/ conclude
解题方法(不要推!)
同义改写(细节、主旨、逻辑)
推理多在转折处
排除绝对化用词,选择语气缓和的选项
中心主旨题
标志
mainly about/ discuss/ the best title/ the purpose
解题方法
串线法
将各段首末句串联成一个整体,注意转折处
中心句
开头的提问,対它的回答是文章中心
独句段是文章中心
中心词
文章中反复出现的高频词,注意同义改写
干扰项
范围过大/小(只是某段主旨),路见不平,一定不要拔刀相助!客观!文章怎样就怎样
态度题
标志
attitude/ deem/ consider/ tone
解题方法
选项词汇归纳
正面
positive/ optimistic/ approval/ supportive
负面
negative/ pessimistic/ disapproval/ critical/ objectionable 怀疑:doubtful/ suspicious/ skeptical/ questionable
中立
neural/ objective/ impartial(公正的)/ disinterested(公正的,无私的)
小墓碑选项
uninterested/ unconcerned/ indifferent/ confused/ puzzled/ subjective/ biased/ prejudice/ contemptuous
作者态度没有明确提出时
adj,adv是作者的态度
转折处
情态动词should/must/could/need to/ought to 之后的内容往往和作者的观点一致
词汇猜测题
逻辑关系
句1=句2,找近义词
如冒号,破折号
找相同类型
句1but句2,找反义词
根据感情色彩判断
简单词
熟词僻义
除去表面的意思外,炼出不断重复的内容,干扰项多为表面意思
复现(完形填空也可)
段1 a修饰b,段2 c修饰b,且段1 段2 没有转折,
则说明 词a 与 词c 意思相近
标点符号的运用
逗号
两个逗号之间为插入语
冒号
冒号后面的内容解释前面的内容,前后为相同关系
分号
分号前后为相同关系
引号
引用他人的话
反讽
强调某一内容
破折号
补充说明,前后相同关系
完形填空
扬长
硬实力
避短
巧取舍
红花绿叶筛查
加杠杆
正态分布逆袭
攻略一:中心主题一致法
句子读不懂:化繁为简拼逻辑
攻略二:逻辑语义推理法
对立,因果,并列,递进,总分
攻略三:上下互文复现法
原词互文复现
同语义场互文复现
攻略四:固定搭配排查法