导图社区 考研初级英语语法和长难句解析
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考研初级英语语法和长难句解析
考研英语之所以难，难在阅读理解里面那些错综复杂的长难句，长难句一般真正的难点不在词汇难，而在于语法！很多小可爱表示看懂了单词，也看不懂句子。这就是典型的不懂语法造成的！跟大家一起来看看长难句的基础-简单句的语法，小可爱们看完后记得收藏，经常拿出来复习哦~
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考研英语语法
基础语法入门
词语类型（XX词）
修饰:名词←形词←副词（本身）→动词
动词
实义动词
及物动词（Vt+n）
不及物动词（Vi+prep）
非实义动词
助动词（do、have、will等）
助+动
情态动词（must、should、can、could等）
情+动原
系动词（be、系）
be:am、is、are.
感官:feel、taste、sound、smell、look、seem.
变化:become、go、turn.
保持:keep、remain、stay.
终止:prove、turn out.
系、动辨别
be
be单独使用，后面没有动词的其他形式——系动词
be doing（进行时）/be done（被动）——助动词
have
have单独使用，后面没有动词的其他形式——实义动词“有”
have done（完成时）——助动词
助动词+后面的doing/done=谓语
句子成分（XX语）
主语:一般是谓语之前的名词充当（介词短语不能做主语）
谓语/系:V.（谓语是动词，动词不一定是谓语，还可以是非谓语（to do、doing、done））
宾语/表语:V的对象（宾:动宾、介宾）/系动词后都是表语
定语:修饰名词，起修饰限定作用
状语:壮大句子，修饰句子、动词，一般用副词来充当（时间、地点、方式、原因、条件、目的、结果、程度、伴随）
补语:
同位语:
五大基本句型
主谓（Vi）:They are laying.It is snowing.
主谓宾（介宾、动宾）:I hate you.Curiosily killed the cat.
主系表（主语补足语）
主谓宾（间）宾（直）
主谓宾补（补充说明）
两个成分之间加be动词，
不通顺:宾（间）宾（直） I will give you a lesson. you are a lesson.
通顺:宾补 They elected Trump president of the USA. Trump is president of the USA.
主 谓 宾 定 状 补 同 主 系 表.
英语句子
简单句（一个简单句只有一套主谓结构）
并列句（and/but/or/not（only）…but（also）…/either…or…）
复合句/三大从句（that/what/where/when/why/how/because/if/weather/as soon as/no matter what…）
补语没有从句；从句由whether/how/what/when引导，这个事实并不能确定是什么从句。
如:Whether we'll go depend on the weather.
of
1、量词（a piece of cake./a cup of tea.）
2、of+n放在n后（作后置定语，修饰前面的n）
快速定位 主谓/主系表，其他成分要看在句子里的作用，修饰关系。（宾、定、状、补、同位语）
句子分类
何成分
Whether we'll go depends on the weather.主
Standars of living are going up steadily.谓
That was how they were defeated.表
The nursery takes good care of our children.宾
I'll return the book to you tomorrow.宾
There are many films that I'd like to see.定
何句型
The moon rose.主谓
Who cares?主谓
Everything looks different.主系表
The trouble is that they are short of money.主系表
He has refused to help them.主谓宾
He said "Good morning."主谓宾
He denies her nothing.主谓宾宾
I gave my car a wash.主谓宾宾
They found the house deserted.主谓宾补
长难句入门
分析长难句步骤
1、先找标点“. ? ! …”，确定这是个完整的句子
2、找主谓（找不着主语就先找谓语），判断简、并、复
3、找连接词，划分句子
4、根据从句在整个句子里充当的成分确定是什么从句（如:句子做主语——主从）
分析
They financed him.主谓宾——简单句
Terrorism,economic,uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety.主谓宾——简单句
子主题
长难句三大套路
从句
定语从句
限制性/非限制性
名词性从句
主语从句
同位语从句
表语从句
宾语从句
状语从句
时间，地点，条件，让步，原因，目的，结果，方式，比较
分析长难句步骤
1、先找“. ? ! …”
2、找主谓
3、找连接词，划分句子
4、根据连接词和句意（从句在整个句子里充当的成分）确定句子间关系
找主谓时，先去掉所有小三（分裂结构）和所有修饰成分——简化句子
难点（三大套路）
1、分裂结构（小三）
指依照正常的语序和句法结构，关系密切、本应紧连在一起的两个句子成分被另一些句子成分所隔开，或者是词语的习惯搭配关系拆开，从而使这两部分产生分隔的现象。
1、同位语，插入语
1.Bob Liodice, the executive of the Association of National Advertisers , says consumers will be worse off if the industry can not collect information about their preferences. 全国广告协会首席执行官鲍勃·利奥迪斯说道如果该行业不能收集到消费者偏好的信息,消费者的情况将会更糟。
常见形式: 主，插入语，谓 主——插入语——谓 此处插入语并非一种句子成分，以上两种结构的都叫插入语。（定，定从，同位语等都可以）
2.The American Law Institute——a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose rcommendations carry substantial weight——issued new guidelines for tort law（侵权法）. 美国法律协会,它由一群法官、律师和能给出起举足轻重作用的建议的学者组成,最近颁布了关于侵权法的最新大纲。
3. The two-step flow theory--the information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else--is very important in Communication Studies, an academic discipline that deals with processes of human communication.
常见插入语
常见的副词及短语:indeed，however，obviously，certainly等
常见的形容词及短语:needless to say（不用说），most important of all等
常见的介词短语:by the way，in a few words，in short，in fact等
常见的现在分词短语:generally speaking/honestly speaking等
常见的动词不定式短语:to sum up，to be honest，to be short等
插入语也可以为简短的、具有完整意义的句子: sb.thinks/hope/guess/know/believe/suppose/write， that is （to say）（也就是说）， it seems（看来是）， as I see it（照我看来）， as we know it（据我们所知）， what's more，what's worse， I'm afraid（恐怕）， as we all know（众所周知）等
4.Under such circumstances, the risk for Microsoft is that the computer desktop, as we know it, could cease to exist, said David Garrity,an analyst with Caris Co. the risk 作为主语，主系表 卡利斯公司的分析师 David Garrity认为,根据我们所知,这种情况对微软意味着,电脑桌面将面临退出历史舞台的危机。
5.Michael O'Neal, head of digital media at Christie's, thinks the success of the new fair will dependd on whether it can build a brand. 迈克尔奥利尔是佳士得拍卖行的数字媒体主管，他认为新拍卖会的成功将取决于这个拍卖会是否能建立起一个品牌。
2、相邻紧密成分被短语、从句等拆开
主谓宾定状补（主谓宾）
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.〈定从〉
The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been decided.〈同从〉
Do not impose on others what you yourself don't desire.〈直宾〉 →Do not impose what you yourself don't desire on others.
An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States, and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before it hits the market in Europe. 一把符合欧盟安全标准的电动剃须刀在美国面市前必须得到美国检测人员的认可,而美国制造的透析仪也要得到欧盟的首肯才能进入欧洲市场。
Never say anything behind person's back that you won't say to his face.〈定从〉
Einstein was in the eyes of a young friend, a simple, modest, and ordinary man.〈主系表——插入语〉
应对方法
1、同位语，插入语（——/，，）先跳过不看。（简化句子！）
2、不同成分间的分裂，还原本来的位置。（主谓宾，主谓宾定，主系表等）
2、嵌套结构（句子套句子）
I like the girl who is standing over there with a book which was published in 1898.〈主谓宾——定从—定从〉
应对方法:简化句子，找主谓。
3、平行结构（包含了并列句）
1、名词，词组，介词短语的平行并列
1. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony.〈简单句——主谓状〉 英国人，德国人，荷兰人和法国人在英国的前殖民地投资。
2. The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique.〈复合句——主系表-同从〉 联网计算机是一台神奇的设备，它是第一台媒介机器，可作为一种生产方式、传播手段和接受站点，也是人们发表或褒或贬的评论的地方。
3. So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of producers of knowledge.〈简单句——〉
4. Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.〈简单句——〉
2、动词（谓语/非谓语）的平行并列
谓语一定是动词，动词不一定是谓语，还有非谓语（to do、doing、done）
1. The man walked up to the garden gate,he hesitated and then rang the bell.〈简单句——〉
2. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.〈简单句——〉 这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的威力影响到新兴国家。
3. To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing.〈复合句——〉
4. The boys were running, shouting and laughing.〈〉
3、句子的平行并列
1. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.〈〉 我们需要他们感受到既可以在美国安家，也可以在别处安家，让他们觉得可以光荣地属于两个国家。
2.The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory item often seems to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.〈复合句——原因状语从句的并列平行〉 行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他形式的解释方式一直难以找到。
3. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the US came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home.〈复合句——介词短语倒装-谓主:Those came along with the many folks.〉
4. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classic musicians of the 20th century.〈简单句——〉 为了赢得艺术爱好者的时间、关注和金钱，古典音乐演奏家不仅要和歌剧院、舞蹈团、演出公司、博物馆竞争，还要和那些收录了20世纪伟大的古典音乐演奏者的唱片作品竞争。
5. We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G.I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus .(2011阅读text3)〈简单句——〉 我们常将二战后的数十年视为一个繁荣与增长的年代，数以百万计的士兵重返家乡；他们在《退伍军人权利法案》的帮助下走进了大学；在婚姻登记处排起了长队。
6.They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.〈复合句——宾语从句-定语从句-动词平行并列〉
The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.〈复合句——〉The examples、a Web site作主语 Virtual、Vineyards和Amazon.com及其他（网络商务）先锋的例子表明:若网络销售适类商品，并将互动、热情和安全完美结合，耶则必将吸引网上客户。
后置定语
1、介词短语 of+n.
2、分词作后置定语 doing/done
3、定语从句
应对方法
1、找并列连词
2、看连词后面的单个并列的词性和形式
3、找相同结构
V戈尔的诗: 找主谓,看连接,还不明白入套; 平行要把连词找,举一反三连串捞,相同部分都是宝; 分裂小三别落跑,双逗双破要记牢,从句小三最奸诈,跳过试试就明了； 最后只剩一嵌套,一坑一位要记牢,修饰成分先不管,抓住主干赶紧跑。
1. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.(2008年完型) 他正在和另外两位科学家一起准备发表一篇论文,其中不仅将指出一个人类族群比其他族群聪明还解释了导致这一结果的过程。
非谓语动词
基础简要回顾:句子成分和类型
主语
谓语/系
宾语/表语
定语
状语
补语
同位语
简单句（只有一套主谓结构）
并列句（and/but/or/not（only）…but（also）…/either…or…）
复合句/三大从句（that/what/where/when/why/how/because/if/weather/as soon as/no matter what…）
重点:什么是非谓语动词以及一些易混淆点
1、非谓语及其特点
1、以下哪种形式是谓语? 1. bring ✔ 2. brought —— 3. came ✔ 4. writing ✘ 5. wrote ✔ 6. written ✘ 7. jumped —— 8. to jump ✘ 9. jumping✘
2、什么是非谓语动词（以do/play为例） 不定式 :to do/to play（除了谓语外一切成分） 动名词: doing/playing（所有名词性成分:主、宾、表、定） 分词（动形词）: 现在分词（doing/playing）主动/进行； 过去分词（done/played）被动/完成 （所有形容词可做成分:定、表、状、补）
a.不定式 to do——可充当谓语以外一切成分 1. To be a musician is my dream. 主语 2. I like to play with you. 宾语 3. My dream is to be ordinary. 表语 4.This is the best way to help him. 后置定语 5. I come here only to say goodbye to you. 目的状语 6. I consider him to be an honest man.宾语补足语
b.动名词doing 1.Playing with you is my dream. 主语 2.I like playing with you. 宾语 3.My dream is playing with you.表语 所有名词可以做的成分:主、宾、表、定
c.分词（动形词） 现在分词:doing/playing（主动/进行） 过去分词:done/played（被动/完成） a smiling face.定语（主动） a broken desk.定语（被动） I am doing my homework.（进行） My homework is done/have finished.（完成） The window is broken.表语 （例如:interesting/exciting） Waiting for the bus,he saw a lovely girl.状语 Can you hear Tom singing the song in the classroom?补语 一切形容词可做的成分:定、表、状、补
思考
1、什么是非谓语？有什么特点？
2、doing:动名词和现在分词怎么区分？
动名词（n.类别、性质、功能、材料） an invisibility cloak a gold watch a walking stick a swimming pool
现在分词（adj.描述，且分词doing强调） an invisible cloak a golden watch a walking stick a swimming boy
3、done:一些过去式和过去分词相同的词怎么判断到底是过去式形式的谓语，还是非谓语？
过去式: 1、ago、yesterday、last week等时间标志； 2、其他的表示过去的动词。 （句子里只有一个动词，只能是谓语）
过去分词: 1、表示被动（放在be之后，或者省略be动词，但依然是被动） 2、表示完成（放在have之后）
练一练 1. Do you know the man speaking (speak) at the meeting? 主动 2. Do you know the man spraised (praise) at the meeting被动 yesterday? 3. There was an old temple stanging ( stand)at the top of the hill.主动 4.There was an old man living (live) in the village.主动 5. The building built ( build)last year is our library. 被动 The building being built ( build) now is our library. 进行 The building to be built ( build) next year is our library. 将来/目的 6.What's the language spoken (speak) in Germany?
应用:非谓语动词在考研英语中的应用
利用非谓语动词进行句式巧妙转换 用途:1.考研阅读中的长难句中既有各种从句,也有非谓语动词,二者混合在一起让句子看起来更复杂 2.写作时可以避免单一的简单句式,也可避免通篇从句 which到底
复合变简单 We all agreed that we should leave at once. →We all agreed to leave at once. （什么时候可以把从句谓语变成to do ?1、表示未来/目的 2、固定搭配）
复合（状语从句/定语从句）怎样变成简单？ 1、去连接词 2、只留一套主谓，其他谓语变非谓语（to do/doing/done） （be doing/done的形式只需去掉没有实际含义的谓语be，留下非谓语doing或done）
定状变简公式: 1、去连接词 2、只留一套主谓，其他谓语变非谓语（be doing/done，去be） 3、主句与从句主语想同时，去掉从句主语；不同时，保留从句主语
练习: The man who lives at 221B Baker Street is Sherlock Holmes. →The man living at 221B Baker Street is Sherlock Holmes. The girl who is standing over there is my sister. →The girl standing over there is my sister. Because their living conditions are greatly improved, the workers worked even harder. →Their living conditions greatly improved, the workers worked even harder.（独立主格结构） 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. →Weather permiting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. He was listening attentively in class, so his eyes were fixed on the blackboard. →He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. The meeting that will be held tomorrow is of great importance. →The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance.（to do 表示将来/目的、doing表示进行/主动、done表示完成/被动）
结合非谓语的特点,分析下面的句子。 考研真题(翻译题): This movement, driven(过去分词,非谓语) by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted(分词,非谓语) continent. movement此处指人口流动:“迁移,移民运动(原文在谈论美国移民现象) → This movement, built a nation out of a wilderness and, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent. （插入语:driven by powerful and diverse motivations） 翻译:在各种强大的动机的推动下，这场迁移从荒野中造就了一个民族，并且循其本质塑造了一个全新大陆的特点和命运。 感觉到受到了威胁,公司通过书写冗长的警示标签作为回应,尝试着希望能够预测到每一起可能的事故。 →Because companies felt threatened, they responded by writing ever-longer warning labels and they tried to anticipate every possible accident. →→Feeling threatened, they responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. 非谓语在写作中的应用示范: 周日清晨,外面下着雪,刮着风,一个又瘦又高的乞丐穿着破旧的外套,站在街角,面前放着一个碗,时而边弹吉他边哼歌,时而… 写一个简单句 In the early Sunday morning, with the snow falling and the wind howling, a tall thin beggar with a shabby coat on his back was standing at the corner of the street with a begging bowl in front of him, sometimes humming a song while playing the guita sometimes getting down on his knees ang reaching out his skinny hands, sacrificing his dignity and selling himself as a human being only to beg for some money.（谓语只有a tall thin beggar和was standing，其他都是非谓语）
强化阶段前: 1.语法1倍速刷至少2遍,语法2-5回放整理笔记后,倍速至少刷3遍。(完全掌握的可以适当调整) 2.每天都要分析长难句!!!!!!学习是逆水行舟~ 3.尝试写作文时做至少1-2个句式变化。每篇阅读后能挑出至少一个值得模仿的句子,但不要过于复杂~ (全篇简单句,复合句相结合,非谓语的句子丰富句型)