导图社区 非谓语动词
这是一篇关于非谓语动词的思维导图,包含不定式短语做主语时,往往用it 作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)后置等内容。
编辑于2022-02-25 13:26:46非谓语动词
不定式 to do
定义 ,起 名词、形容词或副词的作用
to vt + 宾语 (状语修饰) - to read the text slowly
to vi + 介词 + 宾语 (状语修饰)
否定: not to do
句法功能
做主语
不定式短语做主语时,往往用 it 作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)后置。
- It is enough to have one close friend in one's life. 人生得一知己足矣。 - It is difficult to know oneself. 人能自知,实属不易。
做表语 ( 主 系 表)
- The first and best victory is to conquer self. 首要的、也是最好的胜利是战胜自己。
做宾语
常跟不定式做宾语的动词
- We hope to talk wiht the native speakers.我们希望同说母语的人交谈。
afford
agree
aim
arrange
ask
begin
choose
claim 声称
continue
decide
demand
desire 渴望,请求,被。。。吸引
determine
expect
fail 失败,辜负,倒闭
forget
happen
hate
hesitate 犹豫,不愿意
hope
intend 打算,意指,准备
learn
like
long
manage
mean
offer
plan
perpare
pretend to 自诩,自称,假装
promise
refuse 拒绝,回绝
resolve
seem
start
try
want
wish
考:主 + v +it + 补 + to do 用 it 作形式宾语代替不定式,同时把不定式置于补语之后
- He feels it his duty to help the poor. 他觉得帮助穷人是他的义务。 - We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. 我们认为学好一门外语对我们很重要。
consider
find
make
regard
think
feel
做定语
通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后
- She was the only one to look after the children.
- The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
ability - 抽象名词 接 定语
attempt v. 努力,尝试 n. 试图,努力;企图杀害;(运动员创造记录的)尝试,冲击
impulse n. 冲动;脉冲;推动力 adj. 一时兴起的,随兴的 v. 推动
inclination n. 倾向,意愿;趋向,趋势;斜坡,斜度;轻微向下的动作;轨道交角
wish
做状语
主要表示 目的,结果,原因等
- We live to serve the people heart and soul. (表目的) 我们活着是为了全心全意为人民服务 He did excellent work to be general manager of the famous company.(表结果) 他工作非常出色,后来成了这家著名公司的总经理。 We shall be very happy to cooperate with you in the project.(原因) 在此项目中与你们合作,我们非常高兴。
only + to do 表一种出乎意料 或 非主观希望 的结果。常用逗号和前面的分局隔开。
He hurried to that house, only to be told that the party was cancelled. 他急忙赶到那栋房子,却被告知聚会取消了。
做宾语补足语
vt + 宾语 + to do 有些 vt 的宾语之后常用不定式做宾语补足语,构成符合宾语,以表达完整的意义
The fool thinks himself to be wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool. 愚者自以为智,智者自知其愚。
advise
allow
ask
beg
cause
challenge
command
expect
encourage
force
get
hate
help
invite
leave
order
permit
persuade
prefer
remind
require
teach
tell
urge
want
warn
wish
考: 不定式不带 to
使役动词 have ,let , make 等
She won't let her poor son suffer. 她不愿让她可怜的儿子受这样的罪。 He made her give up the property. 他使她放弃了财产。
感官动词及词组: feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice , observe, see, watch
She felt someone pat her on the head gently. 她感到有人轻轻地拍了拍她的头。 He stood under the tree listening to the brid sing a merry song. 他站在树下,听那只鸟唱着欢快的歌,
help 可接 to do; 也可省略 to
做主语补足语
宾语、宾补结构的动词为被动语态时,宾语 变为主语,宾补 变为主补。 使役动词 感官动词 不可省略 to ,
Time is often said to be money, but it is more — it is life. 人们往往说时间就是金钱,但时间不止于此—它是生命。 Someone was heard to come up the stairs. 听见有人上楼了。
不定式的时态
一般式 to + do 表 动作与谓语动词的动作是同时 或 在其后发生的。
She was seen to enter the hall.(两个动作同时发生) 有人看见她进入大厅。 I have some news to tell you.(在谓语动词之后发生的) 我有些消息要告诉你。
进行式 to be + doing 表 动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生的,而且正在进行着。
They seem to be getting along quite well. 他们似乎相处得很好。 He is said to be studying in New York. 据说他在纽约学习。
考:完成式 to have + done 表 动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起,让您久等了。 She seems to have read the book before.
考: 被动语态 to be + did 当不定式的逻辑主语 是 不定式所表示动作承受者时,
It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.( 逻辑主语,me) 我很荣幸受邀在这里讲话。 Let me show you the room to be used as our language lab.(逻辑主语,the room) 让我带你看看要用做我们的语言实验室的那个房间。
动名词 doing
定义 - 起名词的作用
vt-ing + 宾语 (状语修饰) -reading the book slowly
vi-ing + 介词 + 宾语 (状语修饰)
否定: not doing
句法功能
作主语
saying is easier than doing.
it is ( no use) + doing 在 it 作形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动名词短语。
It is no good learning without practice. It is dangerous swimming in this river. It is no use asking her advice.
no good
fun
a waste of time
a good pleasure
no help
useless
做表语
The best policy is being honest
做定语
动名词 可以放在 名词之前作定语
singing competition sleeping car reading material teaching method
There are many new magazines on literature in the reading room of our department. A washing machine can help you save a lot of time and energy. Take a walking stick with you. It may be useful for climbing the mountains.
做动词宾语
常接 动名词 的 vt 和 动词短语
vt
admit
advise
allow
appreciate
avoid
consider
delay
deny
enjoy
escape
finish
forgive
imagine
keep
mind
miss
permit
postpone
practice
prevent
resist
risk
suggest
can't help
give up
keep on
put off
I enjoy reading these books because they reflect life. 我喜欢读这些书,因为他们是对生活的一种反映。 I appreciate her devoting herself to the cause of education. 我倾佩她献身教育事业的精神。
考:to do ,doing 表示不同意义的词
forget to do sth 忘了要去做。。。 forget doing sth 打算去做。。。
mean to do sth 忘了已做过。。。 mean doing sht 意味着做。。。
remember to do sth 记得要去做。。。 remember doing sth 记得曾经做过。。。
try to do sth 努力去做。。。 try doing sht 试着做。。。
regret to do sth 因将要去做。。。而感到遗憾 regret dong sht 因做了。。。而后悔
go on to do sth 做完一件事后继而去做另一件事 go on doing sth 继续做一直在做的事
stop to do sth 停下手中的事去做其他的事 stop doing sth 停下手中正在做的事
can't help (to) do sth 不能帮助做。。。 can't help doing sth 禁不住做。。。
做介词宾语
在句中做定语,状语或表语
Man's dream of flying in space has come true. 人类太空飞行的梦想已经实现了。 She left without saying goodbye to us. 她没有向我们告别就走了。 Talking with her was like playing on an exquisite violin. 和她谈话就像弹奏一把每秒的提琴。
动名词做介词的宾语,常用在某些词组后面
词组
attach importance to
be accustomed to
devote ... to
in addition to
lead to
look forward to
object to
be opposed to
stick to
take to
when it comes to
the approach/solution/key to
I was accustomed to staying up late when I was in the university. 上大学时我已经习惯熬夜。 The key to leading a meaningful life is to study every day. 让生活充实的诀窍是每天学习。
要用 动名词 作宾语的句型
have + difficuly / trouble / no problem / fun / pleasure / a hard time / a good time + (in) ding sht
They had a hard tme walking out of the grassland. 他们很艰难地走出了草地。
be busy (in) doing sth
He is busy preparing for the coming exams. 他正忙着准备即将到来的考试。
动名词 时态
一般式 doing 表 动作与谓语动词的动作是同时 或 在其后发生的。
Chindren enjoy reading picture-story books. I am thinking of getting a new dictionary.
完成式 having + done 表 动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。
I regret having told her the news. He is proud of having won the first prize.
考: 被动语态 being + did , having been done 逻辑主语 (可依据 装饰动名词的物主代词或名词所有格判断) 不定式所表示动作承受者时,
Respecting others means being respected。 尊重他人就是尊重自己。 He insisted on being treated as an ordinary employee. 他坚持让大家把自己当作普通雇员对待。 After having been interviewed, she was offered the job. 面试后,她得到了那份工作。
现在分词 doing
定义 - 相当于 形容词 和副词,
vt + 宾语 ; 状语修饰
vi +介词+ 宾语 ; 状语修饰
(not) singing songs loudly
句法功能
作定语 — 修饰 名词 和 代词
单个分词 放在被修饰词之前
All moving bodies possess energy. 一切运动的物体都具有能量。
分词短语 放在被修饰词之后
A man getting up as soon as the cock crows is a hardworking man. 鸡鸣即七的人是一个勤奋的人。 He is a businessman growing rich in recent years. 他是一位最近几年才富起来的商人。
考,作状语
用来进一步说明 谓语动词 或整个句子的动作或状态 表, 时间、原因、结果、目的、条件、方式、伴随状况 等 位置灵活,句首、句中、句尾,可用 逗号 隔开,或 不用 逗号。
Hearing the news,they immediately set off for Beijing.(时间) 听到这个消息后,他们立即出发到北京去了。 Being short of money, I desided to apply for the job.(原因) 由于手头缺钱,我决定申请这份工作。 He turned off the lamp, seeing nothing.(结果) 他熄了灯,什么也没看见。 Turning to the right, you will find a path to the village.(条件) 向右转弯,你就可以找到一条通向村庄的小路。 He walked down the hill, singing softly to himself.(方式 或 伴随) 他从小山上走下来,轻声哼着曲儿。
作表语 — 相当于 形容词
表 一种状态,或 表主语的性质或特征,动作的意义已大为减弱
No matter what kind of work you do, it needs to be fulfilling and satisfying. 不论你做什么工作,它都需要给人带来成就感和满足感。 The story of his life sounds interesting. 他的生平听起来很有趣。
考,作宾语补足语
要用 现在分词 作宾语补足的动词
使役动词 have ,let , make keep 等 感官动词及词组: feel, hear, listen to, look at,
catch sb doing sth When I caught him cheating, I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
I found those students studying very hard. 我发现那些学生学习非常努力。 She suddenly heard someone knocking at the door. 她忽然听到有人敲门。
现在分词 时态
一般式 doing 表 动作与谓语动词的动作是同时 或 在其后发生的。
Someone saw him entering the room from the back door at that time. 那时,有人看到他从后门进入了房间。 Walking in the street the other day,I came across an old friend of mine. 前几天在街上散步的时候,我碰见了一位老朋友。
考:完成式(not) having + done 主要表状语 ,相当于一个状语从句 也可作定语 ,表 动作发生在 谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生
Having dressed myself, I went to the office. 我穿好衣服就去了办公室。 Having wanted the vegetables, the farmer took a short rest. 给蔬菜浇完水,这位农民休息了一小会儿。 Not having done it right, he tried again. 他没有作对,又试了一次。 The person having experienced difficulties of life will not be discouraged easily. 体验过人生艰辛的人不会轻易丧失信心。
被动语态
being + did
表被动,并这个动作正在发生,或 与谓语动词 同时发生
The first step being taken, the rest is easy. 迈出了第一步的话,其余的就容易了。 The bridge being built there will be the longest in China. 正在那里建造的那座桥将成为中国最长的桥。
having been done
表完成被动式,且表 动作在谓语动作之前发生。
Having been trapped in traffic, he was late for work. 因为堵车,他上班迟到了。 Having been told many times, she still couldn't understand it. 尽管告诉了她很多次,她仍然不明白。
过去分词 v+ed
定义 — 形容词,副词的作用
+状语=过去分词短语
句法功能
作定语
过去分词 通常 在被修饰词之前 过去分词短语 一般 在被修饰词之后
Chance favors the prepared mind. 机会垂青有准备的人。 The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. 呈送委员会的建议被采纳了。 Children disciplined when they are young will become good citizens. 小时候受过训练的孩子会成为好公民。
考:作状语 — 表 动作的被动和完成
进一步说明谓语动词的动作 说明整个句子 表,时间、原因、方式、条件、让步、伴随状况等
Some metals will melt only when heated to high temperature.(时间) 某些金属必须在高温加热后才会熔化。 Deeply moved by her words, the old man agreed to her request.(原因) 老人被她的话深深地打动了,所以答应了她的要求。 Simply stated , a habit is something you do so often that it becomes easy.(方式) 简而言之,习惯是指因经常做而变得简单的事情。 United we stand, divided we fall.(条件) 团结就是胜利,分裂必然失败。 Wounded, the brave soldier continued to fight.(让步) 虽然受伤了,那名勇敢的战士仍然继续作战。
独立主格
逻辑主语 与 独立主格的主语不同,它独立存在
位置灵活,句首,句中和句尾
一般用 逗号 分开,但与句子之间不使用 连接词
主要表示 谓语动词发生的时间、条件、原因或伴随状态等,相当于 一个状语从句 或 并列句