第二语言习得入门 大学英语教材 第三章

定义SLA的概念，能力和性能，第一语言第二语言和外语第一语言和第二语言，本章为第三章框架，仍有详略不足之处，需完善，仅供参考。

Defining concepts of SLA

• Competence and performance
  • Competence refers to a speaker's knowledge of his languages manifest in his ability to produce and understand an infinite number of sentences
    • Most of sentences he may never seen or heard before
      • Two aspects of performance are comprehension and production
  • Performance refers to the specific utterance including grammatic mistakes and non linguistic features
  • Competence performance and comprehension production are two pairs of different concepts and are not equal to each other
• First language second language and foreign language
  • First language And second language
    • Definition
      • First Language means we begin to learn as a baby
      • The second language is means we learn after the mother tongue
    • Differences
      • Speed
        • Acquiring a second language could be a lifelong learning process
      • Stages
        • Acquiring a second language occurs in systematic stages
      • Correction
        • Children do not response to systematic correction in the first language
      • Depth of knowledge
        • First and second language have knowledge that goes beyond the input they have received
        • First language learners will learn first language successfully than second language learners
  • Second language and foreign language
    • Definition
      • Second language
        • Second language refers to non native language which is learned or used in the second language environment such as commerce administration and education
      • Foreign language
        • Foreign language is a non native language learned or used not in the second language environment but in a first language environment
    • Distinction
      • Second language is not limited to class but is learned and used outside
      • A foreign language is usually taught by teachers in language classes and used in an artificial environment，Which is never used as an official language
• Acquisition and learning
  • Definition
    • Acquisition refers to subconscious learning in the natural environment that is not influenced by explicit instruction
    • Learning is a conscious possess of language development that is the result of intended and explicit instruction
  • distinction
    • Acquisition
      • Implicit subconscious informal situations uses grammatical "feel" depends on attitude stable order of acquisition
    • Learning
      • Explicit conscious formal situations uses dramatic rules depends on aptitude simple to complex order of learning
• Input and output
  • Comprehensible input is learners acquire language by hearing and understanding messages that are slightly above their current second language level
  • Comprehensible output is means a practice with second language speaking peers
• Interlanguag
  • Definition
    • Inter language is an emerging linguistic system that has been developed by a learner of a second language WHO has not become fully proficient but its only approach meeting the target language preserving some features of their first language in speaking or writing language
  • purpose
    • Seek the principle of the natural order of language learning and provide a serious force for the organization of classroom teaching and selection of teaching materials
• Variability
  • SLA is highly systematic
    • The silent stages
    • The early production stage
    • The speech emergence stage
    • The intermediate proficiency stage
    • The advanced proficiency stage
  • Highly variable
    • The rate of the learning process or the outcome of the learning process or both are varied
• fossiilization
  • Definition
    • It refers to non target forms that becomes fixed in interlanguage
  • Five central process
    • Language transfer
    • Transfer of training
    • Learning strategies
    • Communication strategies
    • Overgeneralization
• Language transfer
  • Definition
    • Transfer is the poses of using Knowledge of the first language in learning a second language
  • Positive transfer
    • occurs when prior Knowledge benefits the learning task
  • Negative transfer
    • Occurs when a first language into fierce foreign language learning private performance disruption the performance
  • sources of transfer errors
    • Interlingual transfer
      • Can be positive or negative in first language and second language
        • Interlingual language refers to second language error that reflects first language structure
          • An error of grammar
          • Misuses of vocabulary
          • And error ofmeasure worlds
          • Missed the English articles
    • Intralingual transfer
      • is a negative transfer of one already learned rule item or knowledge to a new one with the target language，It occurs when another has learned some rules of target language but have no learn the recession