大学英语语法课思维导图

这是一篇关于大学英语语法课的思维导图，主要内容有Non-finite verb phrases、Clauses、Anlysis of long sentences等。

英语语法课

• Non-finite verb phrases
  • Infinitive phrases 动词不定时
    • 动词不定式做主语，如果不定式短语太长，用it作形式主语
    • 动词不定式在主谓宾宾补的句型中做宾语时，用it做形式宾语
    • it
    • for sb to do sth动词不定式的复合结构
    • 与whom,what,when,where,which,how连用，构成动词不定式的疑问结构
    • not to do 动词不定式否定结构
  • gerund phrases 动名词
    • as predicative动名词做表语表示抽象性或习惯动作，当表示下一步打算时用不定式
    • as modifier
  • participal phrases 分词
    • 分词作定语时，它的逻辑主语是它所修饰的名词
    • 分词作宾补时，它的逻辑主语是宾语
    • 分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语是主句的主语
  • Absolute phrases 独立主格结构
  • 非谓语结构
• Clauses
  • Independent and dependent clauses
    • stand by itself and act as a complex utterance
    • forms only part of another clause or of a phrase
  • Simple and complex clauses
    • consists of only one construction of"subjective+predicate"
    • comprise another clause or other clauses as its element or elements
  • Main and subordinate clauses
    • take another clause as its element is the main clause
    • form part of the main clause is a subordinate clause
  • Noun Clause
    • 名词：主语，表语，宾语，同位语
    • 连词：that （宾语从句或表语从句中"that"有时可以省略）whether, if （均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定 性）, as if, as though
    • 连接代词（9个）：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever
    • 连接副词（7个）：when, where, how, why, whenever,wherever, however
  • subordinate clause
    • subject clause
      • that本身没有意义，在句中不做任何成分，在宾语从句中 可以省略
      • if 只能引导宾语从句，不能引导主语表语同位语
    • object clause
      • 跟在 动词、介词和一些形容词、介词和从句之间的转换
      • doubt 肯定句用whether/if，否定疑问用that
      • It做形式宾语(主谓宾宾补)
      • That 的省略
        • 一般情况下宾语从句的that可以省略
        • 介词后的that不能省略
        • 并列连词and接两个或两个以上宾语，后面的that 不能省略
        • 主句谓语和从句中间有插入语that不能省略
        • 宾语从句有其他从属连词，that 不能省略
      • 宾语从句的语序、时态
    • appositive clause
      • 常用 that, 也可用whether，what, which, who, when, where, why, how常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, wish,promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion等抽象名词后面，说明该 名词的具体内容。
      • 当主句的谓语较短，而同位语从句较长时，同位语从 句常后置。
      • Doubt 后的同位语从句用whether，no doubt 用that
  • Attributive Clause
    • 同位语从句和定语从句的区别
      • 1. 从词类上区别:同位语从句前面的名词是 idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought, doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词
      • 2. 从性质上区别 定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句 的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明 和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。
      • 3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别 引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语 （指物时还可以用which代替）,并且作宾语时常常省略； that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不 能省略,也不能用which来代替.
  • Adverbial Clause
    • It +be +focal element +that/who clause
• Anlysis of long sentences
  • 长句分析方法：去枝叶，留主干
    • 1) 抓主干：找出全句的主语、谓语或宾语;
    • 2)修饰成分：副词、介词短语、形容词短语和非谓语结构;
    • 3)划出句子中的定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句;
    • 4) 分析从句的结构：找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、 介词 短语和从句的引导词;
    • 5) 断句：找到有用的，抛弃无用的
    • 6) 略读：不影响上下文理解的修饰成分可以忽略
    • Note: 如果是翻译，还要注意汉语的表达习惯，在忠实原文 的基础上，可抛开word-to-word translation，可调整语序， 尽量写出地道的汉语句子
• Phrases
  • The noun phrase
    • determiner+premodifier+noun+postmodifier
  • The verb phrase
    • simple verb phrase
      • premodifier +main verb
    • complex verb phrase
      • an auxiliary +modifier+main verb
  • The adjective phrase
    • premodifier+adjective+postmodifier/complementation
    • to modify verb,adj,adv,prep.phrases and noun phrases
    • stance adverbial or disjunct
    • linking adverbial or conjuct
  • The prepositional phrase
    • modifier+preposition+complementation
• Words
  • grammatical function
    • open-class words
      • n:Smith,Paris,man,people,fish
      • adj:old,beautiful,happy,cheap,small
      • adv:here,early,happily,late,fast
      • main v:work,give,make,take,talk
    • closed-class words
      • prep:in,of,on,without
      • pron:you,he,one,which,this,that
      • determiner:a,the,this,some,any,of
      • conj:and,or,but,because,when,if
      • auxi:do,can,may,must,will
  • Word-formation
    • Affixation
      • refixation
      • suffixation
        • Nouns from verbs
          • -ation,-ment,-al,-ee,-er,-age
        • Nouns from adjectives
          • -cy,-hood,-ness
          • -ity,-ism,-ist,-th
        • Verbs from adjectives of nouns
          • -ify,-ize,-en
        • Adjectives from nouns
          • -al,-y,-ish,-esque,-less,-some,-ous
    • composition
      • Nouns
        • noun+noun
        • verb+noun
        • noun+verb
        • adjective+noun
        • particle+noun
        • verb+particle
      • Verbs
        • noun+verb
        • verb+noun
        • adjective+verb
        • particle+verb
      • Adjectives
        • noun+adjective
        • adjective+adjective
        • adjective+noun
        • particle+noun
    • conversion
      • Noun-verb conversion
      • Verb-noun conversion
      • Adjective-noun conversion
• Grammatical hierarchy
  • morphemes
    • definition
      • un=not
      • mention=refer to
      • -able=capable of
      • -s=plurality
    • classification of morphemes
      • nation
      • nation+al
      • nation+al+ize
      • de+nation+al+ize
      • de+nation+al+iz+ation
    • free morphemes and bound morphemes