导图社区 自考英语第一课A
How to be a successful language learner?自考英语第一课A,有需要的小伙伴可以看看哦~
编辑于2022-08-09 21:03:18这是一篇关于古代阶级的思维导图,主要内容包括:贼人,三教九流,贱民,四民,民,氓,流。在古代中国社会中各自承载着特定的含义和指向,反映了当时社会的阶层结构、职业分工和价值取向。
自考本科C 言说学习,进入“C++语言基础”部分,介绍了C++编程的基础要素,包括“基本的语法”和“三大程序结构”。这张思维导图全面而详细地介绍了C++编程语言的基础知识和核心概念,对于初学者来说是一份非常宝贵的学习资料。
将成人高考数据前三章内容进行详细整理,涵盖了考试的基础知识点、重要概念和关键信息。通过思维导图的形式,这些内容可以更加清晰、直观地展现出来,便于考生理解和记忆。结合图形一目了然。内容实用,有需要的赶紧收藏下来吧!
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这是一篇关于古代阶级的思维导图,主要内容包括:贼人,三教九流,贱民,四民,民,氓,流。在古代中国社会中各自承载着特定的含义和指向,反映了当时社会的阶层结构、职业分工和价值取向。
自考本科C 言说学习,进入“C++语言基础”部分,介绍了C++编程的基础要素,包括“基本的语法”和“三大程序结构”。这张思维导图全面而详细地介绍了C++编程语言的基础知识和核心概念,对于初学者来说是一份非常宝贵的学习资料。
将成人高考数据前三章内容进行详细整理,涵盖了考试的基础知识点、重要概念和关键信息。通过思维导图的形式,这些内容可以更加清晰、直观地展现出来,便于考生理解和记忆。结合图形一目了然。内容实用,有需要的赶紧收藏下来吧!
How to be a successful language learner?
New Words
成功
success
[səkˈses]
n. 成功; 成功的人;
She wished him success in his new job.
Their film is a great success.(他们的影片很成功。)
We are sure of success. (我们一定能成功
suc-下,低 + -cess-行走 → 走到底
successful
[səkˈsesfl]
adj. 成功的;
Were you successful in finding a new house?
He is a successful writer. (他是一个有成就的作家。)
He hopes he will be successful this time. (他希望他这次能够成功。)
succeed
[səkˈsiːd]
v. 成功,达到; 取得预期效果;
He succeeds in finding a good job.
I succeeded in getting the job. (我成功地得到了这份工作。)
She succeeded in passing the exam. (她考试及格了。)
successfully
[sək'sesfəlɪ]
adv. 顺利地; 成功地;
I finished my training successfully.
同意
agree
[əˈɡriː]
v. 同意,赞成; 商定; 意见一致,相符; (食物)不对胃口; (地方、经历)适宜;
I agree with what you said. (我同意你所说的。)
She agreed to the plan.(她赞成这个计划。)
We haven't agreed on the date of the meeting.(我们还没商定会议的日期。)
前缀a- 同ad-,去,往。-gree, 同词根grat,满意
agreeable
[əˈɡriːəbl]
adj. 令人愉快的; 友善的,讨人喜欢的; 欣然同意的; 适合的;
agreement
[əˈgri:mənt]
n. 协定,协议;同意,一致;合同书;(词之间性、数、人称方面与…)一致
We haven't reached an agreement yet.(我们还没达成协议。)
disagree
[ˌdɪsəˈɡriː]
v. 不同意; 不一致;
disagree with somebody(与某人有分歧,意见不一致),
I disagree with you about this.〔对于这件事,我跟你的意见不同。〕
These figures disagree with last week's results.(这些数据与上周的结果不符。)
disagreeable
[ˌdɪsəˈgri:əbl]
adj. <正> 不合意的; 令人不快的; 讨厌的; (人)不友善的;
disagreement
[ˌdɪsəˈɡriːmənt]
n. 反对意见; 争执; 不相符;
There was no disagreement, and the proposal was accepted. (没有不同意见,这个建议被接受了。)
保证
guarantee
[ˌɡærənˈtiː]
v. 担保; 提供(产品)保修单; 确保; 承诺对…负法律责任;
The TV set is guaranteed for one year. (v保修)
The washing machine is guaranteed for five years. (这台洗衣机保用 5 年。)
n. 保证; 保修单; 起保证的事物; 担保金;
The watch has a two-year guarantee. (n保修)
He gave his guarantee that he would repay the money as soon as he could. (他保证他会尽快还钱。)
(请注意 guarantee 做动词的用法:guarantee sth.,guarantee that, guarantee against / from )
warrant
[ˈwɒrənt]
n. 执行令; 正当理由;
v. 使有必要; 保证;
来自 PIE*wer,覆盖,保护,看管,看护,词源同 ward,ware.引申词义担保,授权。 warranty 保修单
warrantee
[ˌwɒrən'ti:]
n. 被保证人,被担保人;
聪明
intelligent
[ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt]
adj. 聪慧的; 有才智的; 智能的;
He made an intelligent decision.(他做出了明智的决定。)
Human beings are much more intelligent than animals.(人类远比动物聪明。)
intel-之间,中间 + -lig-诵读 + -ent形容词词尾
intelligently
[ɪn'telɪdʒəntlɪ]
adv. 聪明地;
They dealt with the problem intelligently.(他们明智地处理了这个问题。)
intelligence
[ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns]
n. 聪颖; 智力; 情报;
She prided herself on her intelligence.(她为自己的聪明感到自豪。)
相反
converse
[kən'vɜːs]
v. 交谈,谈话;
He felt it difficult to converse with Helen in English. (他觉得跟海伦用英语交谈很困难。)
adj. 相反的;
I hold the converse opinion.(我的观点相反。)
con-, 强调。-verse, 转,词源同introvert, versus.指转开的,相反的。
conversely
[ˈkɒnvɜːsli]
adv. 相反地,颠倒地; 倒地; 反之; 反过来;
Some are wealthy but unhappy; conversely, others are happy but not wealthy (有的人富有但不快乐,相反,另一些人快乐但不富有。).
相似
similar
[ˈsɪmələ(r)]
adj. 类似的;
The two animals are similar to each other in appearance. (这两只动物外表很相似。)
She is similar in temper(性情、脾气) to her mother.
-simil-相似 + -ar形容词词尾
similarity
[ˌsɪməˈlærəti]
n. 类似; 相似点;
Their differences are more noticeable than their similarities. (他们的不同之处比相同之处更明显。)
依靠
depend
[dɪˈpend]
v. 取决于; 依赖;
depend on / upon
Children depend on their parents for food.
dependence
[dɪˈpendəns]
n. 依靠; 依赖(酒精或药物); 依存(关系);
When you begin to make money you can live a life of independence.
dependent
[dɪˈpendənt]
adj. 依赖的; 有瘾的; 取决于…;
I don’t want to be dependent on my parents, because I am an adult.
independent
[ˌɪndɪˈpendənt]
adj. 独立的; 公正的; 无关联的; 自立的; 私立的; 无党派的;
n. 无党派议员;
independence
[ˌɪndɪˈpendəns]
n. 独立; 自主;
India won its independence in 1947.(印度于 1947 年赢得了独立。)
线索
clue
[kluː]
n. 线索; 提示;
The police searched all the houses but found no clues.(警察搜索了所有的房屋,但是没有发现任何线索。)
(注意用法:find /give a clue to sth.)
clue to something
clew
[klu:]
n. (解决问题的)线索,线团;
vt. 绕成线球,提示;
clue在古英语中拼作clew,原意是“线团”。因为忒修斯是凭借线团逃出迷宫的,所以线团成了他破解迷宫的线索。
成年人
adult
[ˈædʌlt]
n. 成年人; 成年动物;
She can do it herself, for she is an adult now.
Don't worry too much about him, he is an adult now. (别为他过分担心,他是成年人了。)
His behavior isn't adult.
adj. 成年的; 成熟的; (因涉及色情或暴力)仅限于成人的;
These adult films are not suitable for children. (这些成人电影,儿童不宜观看。)
前缀ad-, 去,往。词根ol, 成长. -t,过去分词后缀。
结论
conclude
[kənˈkluːd]
v. 推断出; 总结; 结束; 缔约;
con-, 强调。-clud, 关闭,词源同close, clause.
conclusion
[kənˈkluːʒn]
n. 结论; 结束; 末尾; 结局; 签订;
What conclusions did you come to?(你得出了什么结论?)
(注意用法:come to a conclusion jump at a conclusion draw a conclusion reach a conclusion
决定
decide
[dɪˈsaɪd]
v. 决定; 判决; 影响…的结果; 下决心; 成为(某人)做某事的原因;
de-, 向下。-cid, 砍,击,词源同concise, incision. 引申义决定。
decided
[dɪˈsaɪdɪd]
adj. 清楚的; 坚决的; 明显的; 明白无误的;
decision
[dɪˈsɪʒn]
n. 决定; 决断力; 果断; 裁决;
de-离开 + -cis- 切 + -ion名词词尾,行为
公共
common
[ˈkɒmən]
adj. 常见的; 共有的; 共同的; 普通的; 平凡的; 众所周知的; 粗俗的;
n. 公共用地; 公共食堂;
com-共同 + -mon-公共
communicate
[kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt]
v. 沟通; 传递; 传染; 相通;
com-共同 + -mun-公共→共同,共通 + -ic名词词尾 + -ate动词词尾
To communicate with him is no easy job, as he is not a communicative person.(他是一个不爱说话的人,与他交流可不容易。)
communicative
[kəˈmjuːnɪkətɪv]
adj. 健谈的; 交际能力的;
communication
[kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn]
n. 表达,交际; 通信(系统); 消息;
Speech and writing are man's most important methods of communication. (说和写是人类最重要的交流方式。)
a communication satellite 通讯卫星;
a communication network 通讯网
telecommunication
[ˌtelikəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃn]
n. 电信; 电通信;
China telecommunication 中国电信
精确
exact
[ɪɡˈzækt]
adj. 精确的; 确切的; 严谨的;
v. 勒索,迫使; 对…有害;
ex-出 + -act-行为(的结果) ←→ 事实,引申义:源于事实
inexact
[ˌɪnɪgˈzækt]
adj. 不准确的,不精确的; 不确切;
完成
complete
[kəmˈpliːt]
adj. 完全的,完整的; 包含; 齐全的,全部的; 完成的; 全能的;·
This is an incomplete sentence, please add the omitted part and make it complete.〔这是一个不完整的句子,请加上省略的成分使其完整。〕
v. 使齐全; 结束; 完成; 填写(表格等)
I don't think I can complete the work in 2 hours. 〔我想我在两小时内干不完这活。〕
com-, 强调。-ple, 装满,满的,词源同full, fulfill.
incomplete
[ˌɪnkəmˈpliːt]
adj. 不完全的; 未完成的; 不完备的; 片;
n. (学业成绩评分)未修毕,未完成;
目的
purpose
[ˈpɜːpəs]
n. 意图,计划; 情势需要; 重要意义; 意志;
She did it on purpose.
The purpose of the meeting was to discuss his proposal.〔会议的目的是讨论他的建议。〕
pur(= pro- )前 + -pos-放置 + -e → 放在前面的东西 → 目的,意图。
purposeful
[ˈpɜːpəsfl]
adj. 有目的的,故意的; 意志坚强的,果断的; 有意义的,意味深长的; 重大的;
He was a clever man whose every word was purposeful.
purposefully
['pɜ:pəsfəlɪ]
adv. 果断地,有明确目标地;
We should use the language purposefully.
He let out the information purposefully to you.〔他有意向你透露了这个消息。〕
规律
regular
[ˈreɡjələ(r)]
adj. 有规律的; 频繁的; 经常做某事的; 通常的; 普通的; 匀称的; 固定的; 正规的; 十足的;
n. 老主顾; 经常参加某活动的人; 正规军;
-reg-统治,规则 + -ular形容词词尾
regularly
[ˈreɡjələli]
adv. 有规律地; 经常; 均匀地;
If you review your lessons regularly, you will do well on tests.〔如果你定期复习功课,就能在考试中取得好成绩。〕
irregular
[ɪˈreɡjələ(r)]
adj. 不规则的,不对称的; 无规律的; 不合规范的,不合法的; 不规则变化的;
n. 非正规军军人; 不规则物; 不合规格的产品;
技术
technique
[tekˈniːk]
n. 技术; 技能;
Good study techniques help him to be one of the straight A students in his class.〔良好的学习技巧使他成为班上的全优生之一。〕
= technic, technique的拼法来源于法语。 词根词缀: -techn-技术 + -ique(-ic)...学
technology
[tekˈnɒlədʒi]
n. 科技; 技术性机器;
-techn-技术 + -o- + -logy…学(科)
轮廓
outline
[ˈaʊtlaɪn]
n. 梗概,大纲,提纲,草稿,要点,主要原则; 外形,轮廓,轮廓线,轮廓画法,略图(画法);
The English teacher asked us to write a brief outline of the story.〔英语老师让我们写这篇故事的概要。〕
He saw the outline of the house in the moonlight.(在月光下,他看到了那座屋子的轮廓。)
vt. 概述; 略述; 画轮廓,打草图,描略图;
He listened carefully as I outlined my reasons.〔在我简述我的原因时,他认真地听着。〕
out-外 + line线 → 外部线条 → 轮廓
站立
state
[steɪt]
v. 陈述; 公布;
n. 状态; 国家; 州;
adj. 国家的;
-stat-站立 ,词源同 stand(站立).引申词义陈述,说明,规定等。
statement
[ˈsteɪtmənt]
n. 说明; 声明; 评估报告; 结算单;
Very soon he made his first public statement about the affair. (他很快就此事件首次发表公开声明。)
Do you believe the witness'sstatement? (你相信证人的陈述吗?)
(请注意动词与名词的搭配:issue a statement, make a statement)
词缀
前缀 dis-通常可以加在动词,名词,形容词前面,构成反意词。例如:dissatisfy,disorder,disable.
后缀-ment 加在动词的后面,构成名词。例如:arrangement,argument 等。
前缀 in- 又可以构成反义词。
课文解析
Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement.
主语
Most adults who are learning a second language
定语从句
谓语
would disagree with
宾语
this statement
语法点:定语从句
修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词后面,它需由关系代词或关系副词引导。
引导词
关系代词有:who, whom, (一般指人), which(一般指物),whose, that(人、物均可).关系副词有:when(时间), where(地点), why(原因)。不管是关系代词还是副词引导定 语从句时,要在定语从句中充当句子成分。
例句
The man who/that will give us a talk has come.
I know a lady whose husband is a Nobel prize winner.
She’s the girl who/whom/that I met at the party.
I live in the room whose window facessouth.
Did you find the bike that/which you lost?
短语
disagree with sb about / on sth
He disagrees with his wife about the education of their son.
They need hundreds of hours of study and practice…
hundreds of:几百,当 hundred, thousand, million 用作不确定数目时,需用复数形式,并加介词 of;当它们用作确定的数目时,不用复数形式。
five hundred people; hundreds of people
Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.
短语:be different from:与…不同
Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed inlanguage learning.
主语
Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields
定语从句
谓语
find
宾语
difficult to succeed in language learning
形式宾语
it
当宾语较长时,常将它移后在空出的位置上用 it 代替。
短语
be intelligent and successful in one’s field;
succeed in sth / doing sth
Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.
语语
Language learning research
谓语
shows
客语
that successful language learners are similar in many ways.
that引导的宾语从句:主系表结构
短语
be similar (to sb/sth) in sth 在…方面与某人/某事相似
Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules forthemselves.
状语
Instead of waiting for the teachers to explain
of 后的动词要用动名词 waiting
主语
they
谓语
try to find
宾语
the patterns and the rules for themselves
短语
instead of sth;
wait for sb to do sth;
try to do sth;
They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when theymake a mistake.
由 and 连接的并列句
短语
make a mistake 犯错误
They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things.
what they hear 是 repeat 的宾语从句
afraid 的用法
be afraid of sth; be afraid to do sth; be afraid that
She is afraid to go out alone at night.
I am afraid of snake.
He’s afraid that he’ll be late for class.
When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete.
主语
they
谓语
can accept
宾语
information
时间状语从句
When communication is difficult
修饰全句
定语从句
that is inexcat or incomplete
修饰先行词 information
It’s more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word.
形式主语
It
主语
to learn to think in the language
原语序
For them to learn to think in the language is more important than to know the meaning of every word.
短语
learn to do sth 学会做…;
more important than …更重要
It’s necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them
For them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them are necessary
短语
in order to do sth;
communicate with sb;
learn from sb:向…学习
They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.
形式宾语
it
宾语
to practice using the language regularly
practice(作动词英国写法是practise)后面只能用动名词
practice speaking the language every day.
If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently,actively, and purposefully.
状语从句(if引导)
you are a successful language learner
动词的现在完成进行时
have probably been learning
动作从以前开始一直不间断地进行到现在
on the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.
条件状语从句
If your language learning has been less than successful
短语
on the other hand: 另一方面来说
less than successful: 不太成功
might do well to do sth 不妨…,最好….(委婉语气)
You might do well to take the doctor’s advice.
语言点
动名词短语做主语
Learning a language is easy.
Forgetting the past means betrayal.(忘记过去就意味着背叛。)
Reading English is easier than speaking it.阅读英语比讲英语容易。
Collecting stamps is my little brother's hobby集邮是我弟弟的爱好。
even 在句中作副词用,加强语气,
He even didn't trust his best friend.(他甚至不信任他最好的朋友。)
I haven't even heard of it. 这个我连听都没听过。
He didn't do well in the exam even though he spent days reviewing. 即使花了数天时间复习,他也没能考好。
would用法
表示过去将来时:I felt confident that everything would be all right.
表示意愿:I asked him not to do it, but he wouldn't listen to me.
表示习惯性:Every evening, we would go for a walk along the river.
表示虚拟,假设,条件:If you had come earlier, you would have seen him.
表示婉转地请求或建议:Would you look after my cat while I am away?
数字用法
十个学生 ten students
数十个学生 tens of students
五百年 five hundred years
数百年 hundreds of years
两千年 two thousand years
数千年 thousands of years
三百万美元 three million dollars
数百万美元 millions of dollars
different用法
Man is different from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language.
Man differs from all the other animals in his ability to learn and use a language.
The greatest difference between man and all the other animals is his ability to learn and use a language.
it做形式主(宾)语
外面的噪音使我无法继续工作。(The noise outside made it difficult for me to go on with my work.)
他们觉得再争论下去是浪费时间。 (They consider it a waste of time to argue any further.)
她认为把真相告诉小王是对的。(She thought it right to tell Xiao Wang the truth.)
offer 的用法
He offered me a cup of tea after I sat down. (我坐下后他给我端来一杯茶。)
What suggestions would you like to offer to those young teachers? (对这些新教师你有什么建议要提吗?)
This shop offers all kinds of stationery.(这家商店供应各种文具。)
The old man offered me 100 yuan for the used bike.(那个老人向我出价 100 元买这辆旧自行车。)
She offered to help me with my English.(她表示愿意帮我学英语。)
同级比较使用as … as 和 so … as
Read as much as you can and your vocabulary will be enlarged.(尽量多阅读,你的词汇量就会扩大。)
We must arrange everything as well as we can.(我们要把一切尽可能地安排好。)
Please give me a call as soon as possible.(请尽早给我打电话。)
I don't speak English so well as you.(我英语讲得没你好。)
practice英美差异
英
practice 名词
practise 动词
美
practice名词、动词同体
作动词用时,其后只能跟动名词,不能跟不定式
It is really no fun to practice running in such hot weather.(在这样炎热的天气里练跑步可真不是好玩的。)
不定式做定语
这是解决问题的最好方法吗?(Is it the best way to solve the problem?)
他没有勇气承认自己是无知的。(He has no courage to say that he is ignorant.)
这将是一个交流思想的好机会。(This will be a good opportunity to exchange ideas.)
他们在会上没有发言权。(They had no right to speak at the meeting.)
动词不定式构成的复合宾语
I'll get someone to repair the bike for you.(我去找人来帮你修自行车。)
He wants you to call him in the afternoon.(他要你下午给他打电话。)
The teacher is waiting for the students to answer the questions.(老师在等学生们回答问题。)
You can count on him to give you full support.(你放心,他会给你全力支持。)
instead of 与 instead 的区别
Instead of staying at home watching TV, he went out for a walk.
He didn't stay at home watching TV, instead he went out for a walk.
Instead of having milk for breakfast, he had a cup of coffee.
He didn't have milk for breakfast, instead he had a cup of coffee.
wrong的词性
He was annoyed that he had been given some wrong information.(wrong adj.错误的)
I knew I had wronged her terribly when I gave her all the complaints.(wrong v. 冤枉)
The whole class burst into laughter when the teacher pronounced her name wrong.(wrong adv.错,不对)
so与such的区别
such形容词
I've never seen such beautiful scenery.(我从没见过这样美丽的景色。)
He didn't expect that the audience would give him such a response.(他没料想到观众们会给予如此反应。)
She didn't feel like going out on such a cold day.(她不想在如此寒冷的日子里出门。)
so副词
The question wasso difficult that nobody could answer it.(这个问题太难了,没人能回答。)
His eyesight was so poor that he couldn't see anything clearly.(他的视力不好,什么也看不清。)
He ran so fast that nobody could catch up with him.(他跑得那么快,没有人能赶上他。)
形容词比较级形式
汤姆的年龄比玛丽大。(Tom is older than Mary.)
这本书比那本书更有趣。(This book is more interesting than that one.)
我们班的学生人数比他们班的多。(There are more students in our class than in theirs.)
现在完成进行时
表示一个动作从过去的某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去。
He has been working for a whole day.
They have been watching TV for two hours.
Lao Li has been living in Nanjing for 20 years. 老李已经在南京生活了二十年。
How long has it been raining?雨下多久了?
I have been waiting for him for more than an hour.我等了他一个多小时了。
less than
用在形容词的前面是为了给所要表述的内容增加否定意味。
It would be lessthan fair to put all the blame on him.(把所有的责任都加在他身上是不太公平的。)
Father was less than satisfied with his performance.(父亲对他的成绩不太满意。)
The plan was a good deal less than perfect.(这个计划远不够完美。)
do well to do sth最好…做
She would do well to go away from these dishonest people.(她最好远离这些不诚实的人。)