导图社区 monkey强化阅读解题思路和技巧框架
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monkey强化阅读解题思路和技巧框架
monkey强化阅读解题思路和技巧框架，具体分为主旨为王、结构为纲——五大终极定式、作者思维——局部解题技巧、细节不忘——常规细节题解题步骤。
编辑于2023-05-08 16:12:49
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- 大纲
强化阅读解题思路&技巧框架
主旨为王
如何在审题阶段快速高效的把握主旨
1. 详见 基础阅读技巧串讲&实战策略
2. 整体解题步骤
2.1. 题干关键主旨信息
2.1.1. 第5题题干中的实意名词
2.1.2. 第5题选项中一致的名词、情感态度、答案方向
2.1.3. 1-4题题干重复出现的实意名词
2.1.4. 题干中的典型情感态度词
2.2. 原文关键主旨信息
2.2.1. 二段一句
2.2.2. 书如其人
2.3. 结合5题、1题两道【主旨题】的选项以及回文验证, 进一步确定主旨
2.3.1. 如果至此对主旨仍然没有一点思路和线索, 则
2.3.1.1. 重点看5题（全文主旨题）的四个选项, 它给了我们四个可能的主旨方向。
2.3.1.2. 以做细节题的方式攻破第1题, 从原文的具体信息中得到主旨
2.3.1.3. 利用主旨进行后续的解题。
2.4. 如主旨对象或判定触发特定敏感词, 则代入相关终极定式
2.5. 按5→1→4→3→2→5或者5→1→2→3→4→5的顺序逐题击破
2.5.1. 如果第5题和第1题回文阅读也暂时无法得到主旨, 则抛弃主旨解题思路。把1—4题当细节题用传统思路解题, 回头再做第5题。找主旨并非我们的根本目的, 而是要借主旨更好的完成解题。
2.6. 主旨的验证贯彻解题的全过程, 而非“一锤子买卖”
2.6.1. 如果我们猜想主旨是错的, 那基于错误主旨得到的“疑似答案”也必然是错的, 这个错误在回文验证答案时必然会暴露, 也就给了我们纠正主旨的提示与机会。
结构为纲——五大终极定式
如何利用5大定式应对典型主题的文章
1. 社科类说明文——旧现象, 新发现
1.1. 特征
1.1.1. 主题常与心理、行为、认知、社会影响有关
1.1.2. 学术味儿重, 题干大量提及图书、理论、研究
1.1.3. 题干中往往询问多方的观点, 且带有特殊的题干限定词 （如：原本、最初、过去、通常、大众、学界、现在、最近）
1.2. 典型特征词
1.2.1. social influence社会影响；peer同辈压力；behavior行为；perception认知；recognition认知；psychology心理学；brain大脑
英语一 2012-T1 21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as 22. Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should 23. In the author's view, Rosenberg's book fails to 24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors 25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
1.3. 原理
1.3.1. 社科研究（行为、心理、认知、社会发展规律等）的学科特性, 决定了它必然是对某一个固有的乃至于极其常见普遍的社会现象的研究, 同时, 这一学科的主观中性较强, 导致了有价值的新观点或新结论提出时, 往往在推翻的一个旧的大众认识或旧有的错误的不完善的研究结论。而材料的“与时俱进”与科学研究方法的“实事求是”这两个特点叠加, 决定了文中最新结论势必是当时最正确最接近真理的。
1.4. 典型结构
1.4.1. 旧现象, 新发现（反总分总）
大众通常认为/学界以往认为的对象+错误判定； 但最新的研究表明这是错误的, 实际上对象+正确判定
因为+理论依据； 因此+指导意义
需要优先锁定正确结论, 免受文章开头的错误观点的误导
1.5. 推论
1.5.1. 与时俱进+实事求是=必然正确
最新、最近的研究结论是对的, 此前提及的其他结论可能是错的
recently最近；have done已经；latest最新
英语一 2012-T1 21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as 22. Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should 23. In the author's view, Rosenberg's book fails to 24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors 25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is
23题作者讲出正确观点, 21和22题的观点皆为错误的
1.5.2. 先天或后天是社科文的常见研究结论
研究结论题中表示先天或后天的的选项正确概率极大, 可蒙猜或优先验证
选项中同时出现先天、后天两个选项时, 优先蒙猜或验证先天
问某个优秀品质的来源；蒙表示后天努力与培养的选项
英语一 2012-T1 24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors [A] is harmful to our networks of friends. [B] will mislead behavioral studies. [C] occurs without our realizing it. [D] can produce negative health habits.
2007-T1 24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that [A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success. [B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance. [C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked. [D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
相关词汇整理
先天、 无意识、 本能类： intuitive 直觉的；inborn 与生俱来的；biological 生理上的；impulsive 冲动的；talent 天赋；genetic 遗传的；inherited 遗传的；unconscious 无意识的；instinctive 本能的；encoded 注定的；hard-wired DNA 注定的；automatic 自动的
后天、 有意识、 刻意而为类： cultivate 培养；nurture 培养；training 训练；practice 练习；cognitive 认知的；conscious 有意识的；deliberate 刻意的；intended 有意的
2. 新事物、新科技——新事物, 新形势, 新挑战
2.1. 特征
2.1.1. 文章主旨与高科技、新事物有关
2.1.2. 或出现明显的新旧对比
2.2. 典型特征词
2.2.1. 真题词：machine；robot；automation 自动化；computer science；big data；Facebook；AI；autonomous vehicle 自动驾驶汽⻋；renewable energy 可再生能源
2.2.2. 预测词： Deep Learning 深度学习；block chain 区块链；cloud computing 云计算；Internet of Things 物联网；Virtual Reality 虚拟现实；privacy policy 隐私政策
2.3. 典型结构
2.3.1. 新事物： 好在哪总是对全社会有好处的；积极的；有生命力的
2.3.2. 新形势： 新事物给社会带来了哪些重大变化新全面的、始料未及的
2.3.3. 新挑战： 旧政策、旧认知、旧事物该如何调整以应对新形势
2.3.4. 22. Which of the following best represents the author’s view [A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless. [B] Optimists’ opinions on new tech find little support. [C] Issues arising from automation need to be tackled. [D] Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided.
2.4. 推论
2.4.1. 新事物代表着事物发展的方向（终将流行和普及）
新事物对全社会而言宏观上总是好的, 代表或适应先进生产力
2.4.2. 新事物优于旧事物, 具有旧事物不可比拟的优越
文章出现现著的新旧对比时, 重点一定是强调新事物的好
英语一 2010-T1 record music VS live performance
英语二 parkrun VS Olympic Games
renewable energy VS fossil fuel
2.4.3. 新事物得到人民群众的拥护和支持
新事物有更强的群众基础, 能在人民群众中流行 →对大众好、门槛低（access, available, approach）
英语二 21. According to Paragraph 1, Parkrun has ______. [A] created many jobs [B] gained great popularity [C] become an official festival [D] strengthened community ties
英语一 2010-T1 24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings [A] They are often inferior to live concerts in quality. [B] They are easily accessible to the general public. [C] They help improve the quality of music. [D] They have only covered masterpieces.
2.4.4. 新事物战胜旧事物要经历一个曲折的发展过程
外部阻力： ①旧事物的阻挠（陈旧落后的政策、旧产业的既得利益者） ②实践的错误（新科技的应用极容易出现问题） ③认知的局限（新科技容易带来伦理道得问题）
内部阻力： ①高价格（价格变低） ②低供给（门槛降低, supply, access, availability） ③窄应用（应用更广泛, application）
29. Which of the following is true about clean energy according to Paragraphs 5 & 6 [A] Its application has boosted battery storage. （发展） [B] It is commonly used in car manufacturing. （发展） [C] Its continuous supply is becoming a reality. （发展的过程） [D] Its sustainable exploitation will remain difficult.（问题）
3. 旧事物的问题、危机——向死而生, 希望犹存
3.1. 识别特征
3.1.1. 题干中出现了表示负面问题、改进建议与措施的词汇
3.1.2. 全文主旨判定为负面, 且文章从开篇就在讨论某个负面问题
3.2. 典型特征词
3.2.1. 暗示有问题： concern；was upset by；cast doubt on；worry；problem；criticized；lack；complain
3.2.2. 提建议： should；to reduce unemployment；to reverse the negative influence；solution to the ethical issues
3.3. 原理
3.3.1. 旧新物应该但却没能应对新挑战 →出现重大问题 →向死而生, 希望犹存
3.4. 典型结构
3.4.1. 新事物, 新形势, 旧事物应该却没能应对新挑战, 要完, 建议or警醒
3.4.2. 旧事物由于没能应对新挑战, 出现了显著严峻的问题, 建议or警醒
3.4.3. 面临新挑战, 现有的解决方案存在问题, 末段提出新建议or警醒
→问题诊断+解决办法（fail to = should）
3.4.4. 30. In this text, the author mainly discusses [A] flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes. [B] the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America. [C] a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it [D] the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education.
3.5. 推论
3.5.1. 应积极的应对问题, 对⺠族、国家的未来抱有希望
表示问题、困难无解类的消极选项必错
33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles [A] can hardly ever be found. [B] has aroused much curiosity. [C] is still beyond our capacity. [D] causes little public concern.
30. The most appropriate title for this text would be [A] American Newspapers：Struggling for Survival [B] American Newspapers：Gone with the Wind [C] American Newspapers：A Thriving Business [D] American Newspapers：A Hopeless Story
3.5.2. 药丸型文章末段总在提建议或警醒
末段主旨题（last paragraph）优先考虑表示建议或警醒的选项
相关词汇整理
常⻅的建议： should；need to；be required to；suggest；solution
警醒词汇： lesson
其中特别注意, “xx 很重要”是一类常⻅的表达建议的方式： essential；crucial；vital；importance；central；matters；critical
警惕“建议型”主旨陷阱, 不要把末段主旨的建议当做全文主旨
全文主旨题, 强调问题与强调解决方案的选项同框时, 选前者
40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text [A] Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter” [B] Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter” [C] The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education [D] Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education
35. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text [ A ] How to Innovate Our Work Practices？ [ B ] Machines will Replace Human Labor [ C ] Can We Win the Race Against Machines？（ 一个没有明确结论的与主题有关的问句能很好地概括主旨） [ D ] Economic Downturns Stimulate Innovations
3.5.3. should = fail to =该做却没能做到=批评+分析+建议
药丸型文章中, 带 should和fail to 的选项大概率是答案
症结与建议一体两面, 应用 should = fail to 排除干扰、联立解题
The author believes that London’s Olympic “legacy” has failed to [A] boost population growth [B] improve the city’s image [C] increase sport hours in schools [D] promote sport participation
According to Paragraph 1, Parkrun has ______. [A] created many jobs [B] gained great popularity [C] become an official festival [D] strengthened community ties
3.5.4. 出问题的旧事物没能应对新形势、新挑战
积极适应和调整以应对新挑战, 是旧事物的万金油改进建议
跟不上新形势新变化, 是旧事物的万金油问题成因
39. Peretti believes that in a changing world [A] traditional luxuries can stay unaffected [B] cautiousness facilitates problem-solving [C] aggressiveness better meets challenges [D] legacy businesses are becoming out dated
3.6. 新旧事物发展光谱
3.6.1. 新事物： 代表先进生产力, 使同类事物变成了旧事物
3.6.2. 新形势： 整体改变了社会现实, 间接影响了其他事物
3.6.3. 新挑战： 旧事物需要积极调整以应对新事物、新形势
3.6.4. 旧事物： 由于没能应对新挑战而出现严峻问题, 处在灭亡边缘
3.6.5. 向死而生, 希望犹存： 事关生死存亡, 必须重视。思考解决办法
新事物的诸多优点反之既是旧事物的缺点与问题所在： 受众少、价格高、⻔槛高、效率低、没能应对挑战
4. 报刊文章的主题永远是 新事物、新观点、新变化→NEWS!!!
4.1. 新事物——新事物、新形式、新挑战
4.1.1. 新事物的特点（介绍）、新事物好在哪、新事物带来了哪些衍生问题
4.2. 旧事物——旧事物-向死而生, 希望犹存
4.2.1. 旧事物、旧观念、旧社会制度出现的问题、症结、以及解决方案
4.3. 新观点——社科文-旧现象, 新发现
4.3.1. 旧有错误观点的内容
4.3.2. 新观点的内容、理论依据、指导意义
5. 司法类文章——司法类文章终极定式
5.1. 识别特征
1. 题干中多次出现最高法院、大法官、判决、案件等司法概念
2. 文章与某个具体的法律案件、法庭裁决、法律修改有关
5.2. 典型特征词
5.2.1. case；Justice；the Supreme Court；ruling；Act；legal；law
5.3. 原理
5.3.1. 英美法律体系基于 Common Law System 判例法系
英美法系 = 判例法系, 新案件的判决标准遵循过往同类案件的判例。
当无过往同类案件, 由上级法院裁定, 形成新判例。
美国最高法院 = The Supreme Court, 最高法大法官 = The Justice(s)
5.4. 典型结构
5.4.1. 因法院判决意义重大且不容曲解。相关文章往往会在首段清晰地写明相关诉讼涉及的对象, 法庭判决的结果, 以及作者对该判决的外延影响的初步解读。
文章首段一般会客观陈述总结法院的判决结果
5.4.2. 40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author [A] presents its main points with conflicting views on them. [B] gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences. [C] cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implications. [D] describes the long and complicated process of its making.
5.5. 推论
5.5.1. 判决往往与新事物有关
新事物、新形势、旧有法律需要通过判决更新, 以应对新形势
5.5.2. 药丸型文章末段总在提建议或警醒
个别判决对同类案件的司法实践（对内）以及相关问题（对外）产生宏观影响
Which of the following is true of the Bilski case [A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions. [B] It involves a very big business transaction. [C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit. [D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test [A] Energy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises. [B] the nature of states’ patchwork regulations. [C] the federal authority over nuclear issues. [D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.
5.5.3. 最高法院（the Supreme Court）以及最高大法官（the justice(s)）是“正义的化身”
作者一般支持和认同最高法的判决结果
故最高法的判决 = 作者的决定
最高法尚无定论的案件, 作者不会轻易下结论
概要涉及 case 的文章首先需要抓住最高法的判决结论, 在结合主旨题选项把握该 case 的判决可能造成的外延影响
40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is [A] sarcastic. [B] tolerant. [C] skeptical. [D] supportive.
5.5.4. 只有最高法有权对宪法进行解读
新事物、新形势、现存法律（宪法）新解读
30. Orin Kerrs comparison is quoted to indicate that [A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly. [B] New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution. [C] California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution. [D] Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.
34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because 33. Competition law cannot keep pace with the changing market
5.5.5. 司法判决结果是双刃剑
二元对立型案件或明显牵扯多方利益的司法判决, 需要优先关注
对立的双方是谁
争议的焦点是什么、设计的核心利益是什么
法院的判决或态度（有最高法院则以最高法院为准）
且以上信息往往在文章首段（首段必读原则）
5.6. 重要司法类词汇整理
5.6.1. jury n.陪审团；judge n.法官；defendant n.被告；suspect n.嫌犯
5.6.2. defense v.为...辩护；verdict n.判决结果；rule v.判决；conviction n.定罪
5.6.3. prohibit v.禁止；rule out v.禁止；object v.反对；overrule v.推翻；overturn v.推翻；reject v.驳回
5.6.4. Supreme Court 最高法院；the Justice 最高大法官；Federal Circuit 联邦法院
5.6.5. constitution n.宪法；unconstitutional adj.违宪的；amendment n.修正案
5.6.6. legitimate adj.合法的；legal adj.合法的；illegal adj.非法的
5.6.7. jurisdiction n.司法；legal practice n.司法实践；legislation n.立法
5.6.8. Tom vs. Jerry Tom 与 Jerry 对峙的官司；xx Act n. xx 法案；case n.案件
6. 政府政策类文章——政府政策是背锅侠
6.1. 识别特征
6.1.1. 题干文章中多次出现政府、政策、立法者、国会、联邦、州等概念
6.2. 典型特征词
6.2.1. Congress；public sector；state；federal, government；White House；Administration；policy；legislator；officials
6.3. 典型结构
6.4. 推论
6.4.1. 政府政策本质上的滞后性导致它往往存在缺陷, 是各种问题的背锅侠
政府政策好不好？不好
当前问题是谁的锅？政府政策的锅
当前问题该怎么解决？通过政府政策解决
26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside [A] is not well reflected in politics [B] is fully backed by the royal family [C] didn’t start till the Shakespearean age [D] has brought much benefit to the NHS
6.4.2. 政府政策的出发点和初衷总是好的, 但往往因为各种原因没实现初衷
政府政策的终极目的是保证市场与⺠生领域的公平与效率
常⻅“公平词”： Fair；equal；equity；level；even
24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at [A] encouraging the development of automation. [B] increasing the return on capital investment. [C] easing the hostility between rich and poor. [D] preventing the income gap from widening.
当某问题询问政策初衷时, 该政策往往产生了负面影响, 是不好的
21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to
27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness
市场监管方面： 政府的目的是鼓励充分竞争、遏制垄断、促进市场公平与⻓期健康繁荣；故问政策目的时, 绝不能选有利于个别企业或让企业多赚钱的选项
21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to [A] guarantee the bonuses of top executives.（明显错误选项） [B] enhance bankers’ sense of responsibility. [C] build a new system of financial regulation. [D] help corporations achieve larger profits.（明显错误选项）
在就业、收入、环保等⺠生方面： 政府主要依赖税收、社保、定向基金等财政政策工具, 本质是收钱和出钱；由于其资金来源于纳税人的税款, 需要保证有限的自己公平与有效的分配
24. With regard to mass sports, the author holds that governments should ______. [A] increase funds for sports clubs（出钱） [B] invest in public sports facilities（出钱、群众路线） [C] organize “grassroots” sports events [D] supervise local sports associations
23. What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme [D] A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.
6.4.3. 导致政府政策不给力的外部阻力
企业游说： 既得利益者（interest group）尤其是其中的工会（union）与行业联盟（industry group）的干涉（interfere）与游说（lobby）是改革失败或使政策无力的一个核心原因
Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from [A] the rigid bodies governing the profession.
According to Paragraph 2, the USPS fails to modernize itself due to [A] the interference from interest groups.
6.4.4. 导致政府政策不给力的制度矛盾
三权分立制： 与国会、最高法院同框时, 行政部⻔（联邦政府、总统、华盛顿、白宫）一般都是被批评、被监督、被限制的那个
联邦政府制： 联邦政府与州政府同框时在争夺管辖权与执法权力
国会两党制： ⺠主党与共和党的对立导致政府应对的低效与迟缓
6.5. 重要通识
6.5.1. 美国政治体制——三权分立
行政受限——白宫、总统、政府
Administration the White House；the President；Washington D.C.；Federal government；State government
立法⺠主——国会
Legislation the Congress（Democratic VS Republican）；Senate；senator；policymaker；legislation hall
司法独立——最高法院
Jurisdiction Supreme Court；the Justice(s) （9 法官投票制）；the interpretation of Constitution （宪法解释权）
6.5.2. 美国政治体制——联邦政府制
United States of America = 50 个州组成的联邦国家
10th Amendment to the United States Constitution 宪法第 10 修正案： 宪法未明确授予联邦政府的权利, 保留给各州。
Federal government——联邦政府（白宫、总统、华盛顿）
国家层面的行政、立法、司法（财政、国防、出入境管理、税务等）
State government——各州政府（常⻅州名阅读中积累）
完全在州界内的事务以及联邦政府未被授权的事务
作者思维——局部解题技巧
如何利用写作中的必然规律辅助解题
1. 考研议论文三大“元问题”
1.1. 好不好？
1.2. 为什么好 OR 不好？
1.3. 该怎样利用？该怎么该？
2.
2.1. 主旨正负判定
2.1.1. 作者态度题秒杀技巧
2.1.1.1. 无态度, 失公允, 皆为下等文章（必错选项）
2.1.1.1.1. 无态度： puzzled；tolerance容忍的；tolerant；indifference；indifferent漠不关心的；hesitate；hesitancy；ambiguous模棱两可的；acceptance；uncertain；understand不理解的；trivial
2.1.1.1.1.1. 注意： 中立（objective；neutral）不是无态度词
2.1.1.1.2. 失公允： contempt 蔑视的；contemptuous ；sarcastic ；biased 偏⻅的；scornful ；conceited ；indulgence ；indulgent ；prejudiced 偏⻅的；permissive 纵容的
2.1.1.2. 舔狗与丧家之犬, 难登大雅之堂（95%错）
2.1.1.2.1. 舔狗： satisfaction 满足感；enthusiastic 热情的；appreciation；appreciative 感激的；gratitude 感激
2.1.1.2.2. 丧家之犬： desperate 绝望的；hopeless 无助的；destructive
2.1.1.2.3. 既有舔狗型选项和正面选项时, 舔狗选项必错; 既有丧气型选项和负面选项时, 丧气型选项必错
2.1.1.3. 理性、客观, 但尽可能不中立（鲜明两极）
2.1.1.3.1. 正面选项： supportive 支持的；optimistic 乐观的；positive 积极的；approval 赞同的
2.1.1.3.2. 反面选项： critical 批判的；skeptical 怀疑的；negative 负面的；pessimistic 悲观的；disapproval 反对的
2.1.1.3.3. 中立选项（5%概率正确选项）： objective 客观的；impartial 不偏不倚的
2.1.1.4. 出现在前三题的作者态度题, 直接选负面选项
2.1.1.4.1. 作者持肯定态度时, 出态度题会过早的暴露主旨!
2.1.1.4.2. 22. The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is [A] critical [B] supportive [C] sympathetic [D] ambiguous
2.1.2. 存在先于本质
2.1.2.1. 若理论不正确, 则观点无意义
2.1.2.1.1. 讲诉理论内容的选项与评价理论对错的选项同框时, 选后者
2.1.2.1.2. 33. Which of the following is true about the recent annual study？（与时俱进+实事求是=必然正确） [A] It excludes GDP as an indicator.（有什么特点） [B] It is sponsored by 163 countries.（有什么特点） [C] Its criteria are questionable.（错的） [D] Its results are enlightening.（对的）
2.2. 屁股决定脑袋, 立场决定态度!
2.2.1. 一个人的身份、 所属组织, 象征着其利益出发点, 进而很大程度上决定了他在某问题上的立场态度（好不好）以及评价⻆度（为什么好、为什么不好）
2.2.1.1. 一个人的身份、所属组织、所写著作（书如其人）, 很大程度上决定他在某问题上的立场
2.2.1.1.1. 33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may [A] pose a threat to all its peers. [B] meet with strong opposition. [C] increase Sciences circulation.（组织成员的政治正确） [D] set an example for other journals.（组织成员的政治正确）
2.2.1.1.2. 30. Jay Lininger would most likely support _____. [A] industry groups [B] the win-win rhetoric [C] environmental groups（生物学家的政治正确） [D] the plan under challenge
2.2.1.1.3. 27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc” （Line 3, Para.2）most probably means ___. [A] generating motivation [B] exerting influence [C] causing damage（书如其人：Divorce Talk） [D] creating pressure
2.2.1.2. 作者所站的⻆度以及他思考问题的出发点, 决定了他后续给出的结论和建议。
2.2.1.2.1. 好, 对谁来说好 不好, 对谁来说不好
2.2.1.2.2. 31. According to Paragraph 1, Facebook acquired WhatsApp for its ______. 32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may ______. 33. According to the author, competition law ______. 34. Competition law as presently interpreted can hardly protect Facebook users because ______. 35. The ants analogy is used to illustrate ______. 32. Linking phone numbers to Facebook identities may [A] pose a risk to Facebook users [B] mislead the European commission [C] worsen political disputes [D] mess up customer records
2.2.1.3. 走群众路线
2.2.1.3.1. 出于报刊受众群体与阅读量的考虑, 作者所站的⻆度以及思考问题的出发点, 往往是广大人⺠群众。
2.2.1.3.1.1. 出于金坷垃, 好处都有啥？对人⺠群众有好处
2.2.1.3.1.1.1. 27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness [A] To maintain colleges’ graduation rates. [B] To increase universities’ income from tuition. [C] To prepare graduates for a challenging future. [D] To help freshmen adapt to college learning.
2.2.1.3.1.2. 金坷垃, 坏处都有啥？对人⺠群众有害
2.2.1.3.1.2.1. 21. Who will be most threatened by automation [A] Leading politicians. [B] Low-wage laborers. [C] Robot owners. [D] Middle-class workers.（⻄方报刊的受众是中产阶层）
2.2.1.3.1.3. 当前问题谁的锅？反正不是人们群众的锅（政府政策是背锅侠）
2.2.1.4. 同敌人划清界限
2.2.1.4.1. 占有大量财富的资本家与明星是人⺠群众的对立面
2.2.1.4.1.1. →作者很少站在逐利的资本家、明星的⻆度思考问题
2.2.1.4.1.1.1. 40. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph [A] Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms. [B] Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing. [C] Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life. [D] We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.
2.2.1.4.2. 强调赚钱、利润的选项都是不好的（尤其在教育、学术主题的文章中）
2.2.1.4.2.1. 23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will _____. [A] help students learn other computer languages [B] have to be upgraded when new technologies come [C] need improving when students look for jobs [D] enable students to make big quick money
2.2.1.5. 企业经营的万金油优缺点
2.2.1.5.1. 作者偶尔会站在企业家的⻆度给企业提出改革建议, 以免企业走向衰亡。
2.2.1.5.2. 资本家的本质就是逐利
2.2.1.5.2.1. 企业经营的万金油缺点： ①成本上升 ②利润降低 ③股价下降
2.2.1.5.2.2. 企业经营的万金油优点： ①成本下降 ②利润提高 ③股价上升
2.2.1.5.3. 26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to [A] ease competition among themselves. [B] lower their operational costs. [C] avoid complaints from consumers. [D] provide better online services.
2.2.1.5.4. 36. The New York Times is considering ending it’s print edition partly due to [A] the increasing online ad sales [B] the pressure from its investors [C] the complaints from its readers [D] the high cost of operation
2.2.1.6. 以小⻅大, 心系天下, 心系当下（主旨观）
2.2.1.6.1. 以小⻅大, 心系天下： 段落细节为段落主旨服务, 段落主旨为全文主旨服务。
2.2.1.6.2. 以小⻅大, 心系当下： 而报刊文章的主旨永远专注于当前和未来。
2.2.1.6.3. 除文章末段经常做建议、警醒等升华外, 各段及其内部细节存在的目的, 无外乎引出主旨、 总结主旨、论证主旨三种, 其中首段大概率起到引出主旨话题的作用。
2.2.1.6.4. 推论
2.2.1.6.4.1. 除反总分总型结构的文章, 以及带特点题干限定词的题目外, 1-4 题等非全文主旨题中, 起到引出主旨（首段）、论证主旨（例子、细节）、总结主旨等作用的选项, 必然是答案
2.2.1.6.4.1.1. 主旨：自动化导致的失业问题 21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate____. [A] the impact of technological advances（引出主旨） [B] the alleviation of job pressure [C] the shrinkage of textile mills [D] the decline of middle-class incomes
2.2.1.6.4.1.2. 主旨：机场安检存在排⻓队的问题 21. The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 is mentioned to [A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide. [B] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks. [C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports. [D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection.
2.2.1.6.4.1.3. 主旨：报刊上的艺术评论现在越来越少 24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs [A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.（论证主旨、总结主旨; 以小⻅大, 心系当下） [B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute. [C] His style caters largely to modern specialists. [D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.
2.2.1.6.4.2. 带有特殊题干限定词的题目, 其对应原文可能会存在两个相关表述, 一定要关注其限定条件。 其中表示带有过去、初衷、通常、大众等限定词的题目, 正确答案与主旨结论不同或相反。
2.2.1.6.4.2.1. 常⻅题干限定词
2.2.1.6.4.2.1.1. 过去：used to；before；previous…（但现在…） 初衷：was intended to；original purpose… （但现在…） 通常：commonly；often… （一般认为…, 但实际情况是…） 大众：most people；general public （大众认为…, 但研究表明…）
2.2.1.6.4.2.1.2. 现在：recent；latest；has done；now
2.2.1.6.4.2.2. 主旨：在家比在公司压力大 21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home（与主旨相反） [A] offered greater relaxation than the workplace（与主旨相反） [B] was an ideal place for stress measurement [C] generated more stress than the workplace [D] was an unrealistic place for relaxation
2.2.1.6.4.2.3. 31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become [A] more emotional [B] more objective [C] less energetic [D] less strategic Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago, ” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “ If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals, there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.”
2.2.1.6.4.3. 议论文的全文主旨必然关注当下或未来, 聚焦过去的选项都是错的
2.2.1.6.4.3.1. 25. What would be the best title for the text [A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days（聚焦过去, 错误） [B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers [C] Mournful Decline of Journalism [D] Prominent Critics in Memory（聚焦过去, 错误）
2.2.1.6.4.3.2. 40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text [A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days [B] The Postal Service：Keep Away from My Cheese [C] The USPS：Chronic Illness Requires a Quick Cure [D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-Aid
2.2.1.6.4.4. 四个选项中有部分选项强调过去时, 需要将其结论取反, 变成现在的情况, 再与主旨、 现状对比。
2.2.1.6.4.4.1. 主旨：高管裸辞成为新常态 29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] top performers used to cling to their posts.（现在, 高管不赖在自己的职位上不走） [B] loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated. [C] top performers care more about reputations. [D] it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.
2.2.1.6.4.4.2. 主旨：职业教育很重要 23. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that high school graduates ______. [A] used to have big financial concerns [B] used to have more job opportunities [C] are reluctant to work in manufacturing [D] are entitled to more educational privileges
2.2.1.6.4.4.3. 主旨：报刊上的艺术评论快消失了 22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by [A] free themes. [B] casual style. [C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.
2.2.1.6.4.4.4. 主旨：现在的年轻人太艰难了 40. Which of the following is true about Schneider [A] He found a dream job after graduating from college. [B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success. [C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree. [D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.
2.2.1.6.4.4.4.1. 他的父母=过去
2.2.1.7. 文章结构题、论述手法题, 直接通过前 4 题题干总结（所问即所答, 所问即主旨）
2.2.1.7.1. 25. In this text, the author presents a problem with [A] opposing views on it. [B] possible solutions to it.（向死而生, 希望犹存） [C] its alarming impacts. [D] its major variations. 21. Who will be most threatened by automation？（讲问题） 22. Which of the following best represents the author’s view？ 23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on（提建议） 24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at（提建议） 25. In the test, the author presents a problem with
2.2.1.7.1.1. 【药丸型】文章
2.2.1.7.2. 40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on____. [A] its nature and problems [B] its characteristics and tradition [C] its problems and their solutions [D] its tradition and development 36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that 37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed 38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because 39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed 40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on
细节不忘——常规细节题解题步骤
上述技巧都不可用的细节题如何处理
1. 核心思路：猜想+验证
1.1. 通过题干关键词回文定位, 阅读定位句。
1.2. 如果定位句读不懂, 或出现答案 2 选 1 摇摆不定的情况, 优先看定位句所在段落的首尾句, 及上一段尾句和下一段首句。通过夹逼法把握段落主旨。
1.3. 如果题干只定位到段落, 无具体定位句, 则利用前述技巧排除必错选项或锁定高概率正确答案后, 根据“嫌疑犯”选项中的关键词回原文进行针对性验证。
1.4. 如果题干无关键词无段落提示, 则做完其上下两题后, 根据题文同序原则, 夹逼定位倒推解题区间。