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考研英语语法
考研英语语法，如长难句有并列句、复合句、特殊句式，简单句的核心构成有主谓、主谓宾、主谓双宾、主谓宾补、主系表。
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考研英语语法
1. 简单句
1.1. 简单句的核心
简单句的核心构成
主谓
主谓宾
主谓双宾
主谓宾补
主系表
谓语动词
有实义
不及物动词 vi(主语能独立完成)
主谓
Smaller species survived.
及物动词 vt(主语不能独立完成)
主谓宾
Everybody loves a fat pay rise.
主谓双宾
They gave justices permanent positions.
主谓宾补
You always keep your eyes open.
无实义
(连)系动词
主系表
This is a dangerous game.Their behavior became markedly different.And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability...
简单句的核心变化
谓语动词的核心变化
谓语动词的时态变化
一般过去时
did (was/were)
一般现在时
do/does (is/are)
一般将来时
will do/be going to do
过去将来时
would do/(was/were) going to do
过去完成时
had done
现在完成时
have/has done
将来完成时
will have done
现在完成进行时
have been doing
谓语动词的情态变化
情态动词
情态动词表示情绪态度结构：情态动词+do其中，情态动词没有人称变化，时态的变化有限
情态动词表示情态
must "必须"
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way...
can/could “能够，可以”
Similarly, the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
will/would "愿意，将要"
The first draft will appear on the page.
may/might "可以，可能"
Such bodily rection might conceivably help moderate the effects of psychological stress.
情态动词表示推测
must → can/could will/would may/might → can't/couldn't
The details may be unknowable.
情态动词的变体
情态动词+have done/be doing
Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.
谓语动词的语态变化
主动语态：主语与谓语动词主动关系
被动语态：主语与谓语动词被动关系
被动语态
结构：be donebe 表示被动的时间与主语的单复数done 表示被动的动作
被动语态与时态相结合
For example,lighting was always changed on a sunday.Our subway trains are controllled by tireless robotdrivers.The study of law has been recognized for conturies as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.
被动语态与情态相结合
must be/can be/will be/may be等
Those first few days should be spent looking for work.
谓语动词的否定变化
实义动词变否定
助动词 do/does/did+not+动词原形
American professors did not possess one.
助动词和情态动词否定
助动词和情态动词+not
With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with human.
谓语动词的强调变化
助动词do/does/did + 动词原形
Although the figure may vary,analysts do agree on another matter.
主语、宾语、表语的核心变化
名词、代词作主宾表
The process is natural selection.
非谓语动词doing作主宾
非谓语动词doing作主语
不及物动词doing作主语(系动词三单形式)
...laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness.
及物动词doing sth/sb 作主语
Broadcasting his ambition was "very much my descision"...
加入形容词、副词、介词短语修饰doing sth/sb作主语
Merely expanding the orchestra's repertoive will not be enough.
非谓语动词doing作宾语
Americans stoped taking prosperity for granted.
非谓语动词to do作主宾表
非谓语动词to do作主语
... to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.
后置用法
It is painful to read these round about accounts today.
非谓语动词to do作宾语
Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.
主谓宾补后置用法
The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals.
非谓语动词to do作表语
The trick is to direct these funds better.
并列多个主宾表
and/both...and.../not only...but also...
New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
or/either...or...
Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire ladscapes.
neither...nor...
today's immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation.
1.2. 简单句的拓展
词性的拓展
限定词
用于限定名词，包括冠词(a,an,the)、数词、名词所有格
The roughly 20 million in habitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future.
形容词、副词
形容词、副词作修饰成分
形容词修饰名词
The idea seems promising,and Rosenbery is a perceptive observer.
副词修饰动词、句子、其他的形容词副词
Similary,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.
形容词、副词的三种比较级别
原级
as + adj/adv原形(比较的内容) + as + 比较的对象和 ... 相比一样的 ...
Few people are as fertile as in the past.
比较级
adj/adv比较(比较的内容) + (than 比较的对象)(和 ... 相比) 更 ...通常用作两者之间的比较
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swing in the oil price.
最高级
adj/adv最高级(比较的内容) + (介词短语 表示比较的范围)(... 范围内) 最 ...通常用于三者或三者以上的比较
Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine...
介词短语
表示时间的介词
Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death.Since the days of Aristotle,a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.For years,executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule.
表示地点的介词
Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else:the accounting standard-setters.The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic.
其他用法的介词
They perpetuate the myth of the lone geniusIt also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.Despite these factors,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.
成分的拓展
非谓语动词作定语、状语
非谓语动词
1.不作谓语的动词2.主语+谓语+非谓语3.doing/done/to do(单独出现) doing 表示主动、done 表示被动、to do表示目的
非谓语动词作定语
修饰限定名词，逻辑主语为名词
It also raises questions concerning "values".
非谓语动词作状语
修饰限定句子，逻辑主语为句子主语
Enraged by Entergy's behavior,the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.
同位语插入语
同位语
解释说明前面名词(同一件事)
Its current leader,Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.
插入语
主谓结构作插入语
No one,he submits,could have written it without processing some power of reasoning.
副词作插入语
These facts,however,have previously been thought unrelated.
介词短语作插入语
Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political event.
2. 长难句
2.1. 并列句
并列句的构成
表示顺接的并列连词
The finanical fallout has begun,and the politied fallout may not be far behind.Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and the cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.
表示转折的并列连词
Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low rate of interest,but loans of this kind are not frequently obtainable.
表示选择的并列连词
Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didn't foresee what would happed next.
表示因果的并列连词
Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite,so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.
并列句的省略
并列句独有特点，相同的部分可以省略，余下的部分保持不变
The program keeps track of your progress and provides detailed feedback on your performance and improvement.
2.2. 复合句
名词性从句
名词性从句指该从句在整个句子中充当着名词的角色
宾语从句
宾语从句的含义
一个句子作宾语，将其放置到主句中
The fossil record shows that may species have endured for millions of years.
宾语从句的写法
陈述句变宾语从句
陈述句变宾语从句前加that(that不作成分，可省略)，建议都加上
Dr.Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative.
特殊疑问句变宾语从句
特殊疑问句变宾语从句要调整语序(主语提前)，不需要加that
We suddenly can't remember where we put the keys just a moment ago.
一般疑问句变宾语从句
一般疑问句变宾语从句先调整语序，再加连接词if/whether，首选whether
I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me,too.
共同点
① 从句都是陈述句语气② 从句前都有连接词③ 从句缺什么连接词加什么
宾语从句的位置
三种位置
动宾
动单宾
及物动词+从句
...scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate according to mental effort.
动双宾
及物动词+人+从句
...users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.
介宾
介词+宾语从句
...those differences are swamped by how well each person "encodes" the information.
形宾
形容词+宾语从句
...he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.
非谓语动词+从句
doing + 从句
Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis,suggesting that the structures of languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.
to do + 从句
You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.
多个宾语从句
To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.
宾语从句后置，it形式宾语
条件：1、长宾语；2、主谓宾补的句式
That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisious will be accepted as impartial judgments.
表语从句
表语从句的含义
一个句子作表语，放在系动词后(常用be)
The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.
表语从句的写法
同宾语从句(that不做成分，不可省略)
Part of the problem is that the justices are not bound by an ethics code.
表语从句的位置
位于系动词后
For Williams,these activities become what he calls "electronic morphine".
非谓语动词+表语从句
Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.
主语从句
主语从句的含义
一个句子作主语，放在主句中
What's needed is a package deal.
主语从句的写法
同宾语从句(that不作成分，不可省略，表达是否技能用whether)
That the seas are being overfished has been know for years.
主语从句的位置
位于句首，谓语动词之前
What is needed is a technology of behavior.
位于句尾，it作形式主语
It did not matter what was done in the experiment.
主语从句的考研模板
It is done + 主语从句(表达人们对一件事的观点看法)
This year,it was proposed that the system be changed.
同位语从句
同位语从句的含义
一个句子作同位语(同位语：解释说明名词)
Writing in the last year of his life,he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.
同位语从句的写法
同宾语从句(that不作成分，不可省略，常用that+陈述句)
Evidence that the lovelife program preduces lasting changes is limited and mixed.
同位语从句的位置
位于抽象名词后
Part of the fame of Allen's book is its contention that "circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him".
定语从句
定语从句的含义
一个句子作定语，修饰限定名词，位置在所修饰名词后。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词，引出定语从句的词称为引导词(关系词)
Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgement.
定语从句的写法
主句 + 先行词 + 关系词 + 陈述句
先行词为事/物，关系词选择which/that
Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.
先行词为人，关系词选择who/whom/that(whom指人仅能作宾语)
Most archaeological sites,however,are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them.
先行词为人/物，表示人或物的所有格关系，关系词选择whose
On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference,at some basic level,seems to be the natural world.
先行词为时间，关系词选择when
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
先行词为地点，关系词选择where
In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.
先行词为原因，关系词选择why
The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business.
注意事项
定语从句的关系词每一个都必须作成分，包括that
whom指人，只能在作宾语时使用
when/where/why 引导定语从句时，前面的先行词必须与之匹配
关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，都可以省略
These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay.
特殊关系词 whereby = by which
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers,despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.
定语从句的分类
If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on advertising,it has chosen an indirect method.
This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailer and travel providers such as airline and hotels.
定语从句的补充
限定性定语从句与同位语从句的区别
共同点
n + 从句
不同点
One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.
特殊的非限定定语从句(修饰整句话)
关系词仅能使用which(句中，句尾)，as(句首，句中，句尾)
Most fisheries are well below that,which is a bad way to do bussiness.
状语从句
状语从句的含义
一个句子作状语，表达描述性信息
状语从句的写法
主句 + 从属连词 + 完整的陈述句从属连词不作成分，只表示逻辑关系
When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,it didn't have the capital to do so.
状语从句的位置
As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaderes.
Opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders,as the economy picks up.
Opportunities,as the economy picks up,will abound for aspiring leaders.
状语从句的分类
时间状语从句
从属连词：when、while、as、before、after、since、until、as soon as、by the time
As the brain fades,we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments".
地点状语从句
从属连词：where
The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are,but that's been fundamentally inverted.
原因状语从句
从属连词：because、since、as、now that(显而易见的原因)
Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely tied.
结果状语从句
从属连词：such + n + that / so + adj/adv + that (太...所以)so that (所以)
Indeed,homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can't possibly cope.
Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts.
目的状语从句
从属连词：so that + 情态动词in order that
In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission(FTC) propsed adding a "do not track"(DNT) option to internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.
条件状语从句
从属连词：if、unless、as long as、once
Once a discovery daim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.
让步状语从句
明让步，暗转折。表达：尽管...(但是)...从属连词：although、though、even though、even if、while
Although sadness also precades tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow from muscular responses.
比较状语从句
从属连词：than、as...as...
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were.
方式状语从句
从属连词：as、as if
During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted,as the businessman takes his ethics.
as作为几种状语从句的比较
2.3. 特殊句式
倒装
主谓倒装，主语和谓语动词顺序颠倒
全部倒装
将句中的谓语动词全部置于主语前
There be + n : 有，表达客观存在
There is no gap between mind and matter
There be + n + 介词短语(地点/方位) : 有什么在哪里
There may be more matches in the database
部分倒装
将句中的谓语动词的一部分置于主语前结构相当于变一般疑问句
否定副词或词组位于句首
Not only did they develop such a device but by the trun of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a world wide system.
Only 位于句首
only位于句首时，句子要部分倒装
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own.
虚拟条件句省略if
虚拟条件句省略if，从句要部分倒装，主句不变
But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would be beside the point.
强调
强调句的构成
It is + 强调的部分 + that + 句子余下的部分不能强调形容词和动词
It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony.
强调句的变化
It is/was + 强调的部分 + that/who + 句子余下的部分
It is they,not America,who have become anti-intellectual.
It was not until the 19th centry that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium.
强调句和主语从句的区别
1、还原，去掉"it is ... that ..."，余下的部分可以还原成一个完整的句子为强调，反之为主语从句。2、"it is ... that ..."中间为形容词或动词，则为主语从句。
虚拟
虚拟的概述
什么是虚拟
虚拟既非真实① 与真实情况不符② 可能性没有或很小
如何使用虚拟
虚拟是谓语动词的一种特殊变化，通过改变位于动词的时态，可以表达虚拟。
虚拟用在哪里
if 虚拟条件句
名词性从句的虚拟
if虚拟条件句
If he had played last season,however,he would have been one of 42.
If circumstances always determind the lift and prospects of people,then humanity would never have progressed.
名词性从句的虚拟
主句中出现表示”建议、命令、要求”的词，从句要虚拟谓语动词用"(should) + 动词原形"
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standard Board(IASB) do likewise.
This year,it was proposed that the system be changed.
3. 长难句分析
3.1. 基本结构的长难句分析
断开长难句
标点
逗号
逗号可以用来断开句子，且必须有连接词
The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.
冒号
冒号连接后面的句子表达进一步的解释说明
It's hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so
分号
分号表示并列关系
Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail;wholesale demand from the food services sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consoldate.
连接词
开始：并列连词：and、but、or (用来连接并列句)从属连词：because、if、while、although、as (用来引导状语从句)关系词：that、how、wh-(what、who、whom、which、whose、when、where、why)结束：标点下一个连接词第二个谓语动词前
从句结束于标点
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.
从句结束于下一个连接词
But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.
从句结束于第二个谓语动词前
The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.
补充
如果连接词前后的不是句子(即没有谓语动词)，则连接词无效，不需要断开
分析主谓
主谓主谓，则后面的为从句
The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,...
In those far-off days,it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.
主主谓谓，则中间的为从句
When the court deals with social policy decisions,the law it shapes is inescapably political...
The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing's impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.
简化长难句
① 定位谓语动词② 去修饰找核心核心：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语非核心：形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、同位语、插入语
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.
During the late 1990s,national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds -- including government,higher education,non-profit and corporate -- varied from around 4% to 25%;...
3.2. 特殊结构的长难句分析
分裂结构
插入式的分裂结构
同位语、插入语
Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.
Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.
状语从句
A sacred place of peace,however crude it may be,is a distinctly human need...
Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and,if its stability depends on its integrity,they are entitled to continuance.
从句后移式的分裂结构
Contrary to the descriptions on record,no systematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) reviews the company's application,it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.
嵌套结构
It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected workers' productivity.
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.
平行结构
名词(词组)的平行并列
The English,the Germans,the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony.
动词的平行结构：谓语动词、非谓语动词
All theories,however,are tentative and are subject to criticism.
The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.
介词短语的平行并列
...he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.
So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of producers of knowledge.
句子的平行并列
According to accounts of the experiments,their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.