绪论分子生物学

英文分子生物学绪论，The basis and history ofmolecular biology

Introduction

• The basis and history ofmolecular biology
  • Molecular Biology
    • It is the subject that research gene structure and function at the molecular level.
  • DNA and protein, the central dogma
  • Classical genetics
    • Classical genetics consists of the theory and methodologies of genetics prior to the birth of molecular biology .
      • three point testcross
      • Pedigree analysis
        • is a kind of examination of pedigree、used in human and animal genetics to analyze the manners of trait transmission
• The major area and development of molecular biology
  • Research area
    • Chemical structure, size, morphology and three-dimensional structure of biomacromolecules
    • The relationship between the structure and function of biological macromolecules, biological phenomena (biogenesis development, development, reproduction, aging and evolution)
    • The mode of action of biomacromolecules in cells and tissues, and the biosynthesis process of biomacromolecules
    • Molecular biological processes of biological information transmission and metabolic regulation
  • Major concepts and achievements in molecular biology
    • (1)HGP ( human genome project,): an international scientific research project with a primary goal to①determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and②to identify and map the approximately 20,000-2 5,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint.
    • (2)RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism ):A variation from one individual to the next in the number of cutting sites for a given restriction enzyme in a given genetic locus.
    • (3)SSLP ( simple sequence length polymorphism)
    • (4)SNP ( single nucleotide polymorphism): is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide- . A, T, C, orG- in the genome (differs between members of a species or between paired chromosomes in an individual).
  • Model organism
    • Most of living organisms share conservation on metabolic and developmental pathways related genetic material during the evolution.
  • Bioinformatics
    • Bioinformatics is a subject which build and manipulate of biological databases.
  • -omics
    • ●Genomics : involves all the information of the sequence of the complete genome
    • ●Transcriptomics: is thesystematic and quantitative analysis ofcall the transcripts present in a cellor a tissue.
    • ●Proteomics: is the total set of proteins expressed from the genome of a cell.
    • ●Metabolomics: is the study of all the small molecules, including metabolic intermediates (amino acids, nucleotides, sugarsetc.) that exist within a cell l.
    • ●Environmental genomics: to predict how an organism or organisms will respond, to changes in their external environment at the genetic level.
    • ●Nutrigenomics: to explores the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteomeand meta bolome
  • Systems biology
    • Interactions between the components of biological systems, and how these interactions give rise to the function and behavior of that system (for example, the enzymes and metabolites in a meta bolic pathway). Systems ; biology is about putting together rather than taking apart, integration rather than reduction.