语言学 第一章 语言与语言学

介绍了语言学第一章 语言与语言学的相关知识点，内容包括语言学的定义、功能和特点。跟着这张思维导图高效学习，一一击破各大考点，轻松高分通过考试！

Language

• Definition
  • a well-organized system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
    • Arbitrary no intrinsic( logic) connection between a linguistic form ( word) and its meaning.
      • Eg:A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.
    • Vocal the primary medium for all languages
      • Eg: speech is prior to writing.
    • Symbolic words are associated with objects, actions and ideas by convention
    • Human-specific different from the communication systems other form of life possess.
• Design Features
  • make human language distinguishable from any animal system of communication
    • Arbitrariness
      • the relation between signifier(能指) and signified(所指) is arbitrary
        • Eg: book— sheets of paper bound together with sth print on.
      • not entirely arbitrary
        • onomatopoetic words 
          • sound meaning associations exists
          • Eg :Bang crash roar
        • compound words
          • Eg: class+ room= classroom
        • syntax is less arbitrary than words.
    • Duality
      • Language is organized at two levels simultaneously
        • secondary/ lower level—— sounds
          • meaningless
        • primary/ higher level——units of meanings
          • morphemes
          • words
    • Creativity/ Productivity
      • potential to create endless sentences(duality &recursiveness)
        • Eg:The man who is wating for the lady who is talking to the boy who is my uncle.
      • unique to human language
        • Eg: bee dancing-food-only one kind of message
    • Displacement
      • enable to symbolize objects,events,concepts which are not present in time orspace at the moment of communication
        • Eg: A dog could not bark for a bone to be lost.
    • Cultural transmission
      • language have to be taught and learnt
        • generations to generations
      • not by instinct
• Functions
  • Informative/ideational
    • instrument of thought/tell sth
      • Eg:He is my elder brother.
  • Interpersonal
    • establish and maintain their status in a society.
      • Eg: Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny
  • Performative
    • change the social status of persons
      • Eg: "sui sui ping an"in Chinese.
  • Emotive/expressive
    • express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. 
      • Eg:My God!
  • Phatic communion 
    • share feelings or establish an atmosphere of sociability.
      • Eg: slangs, jokes, jargons ,ritualistic exchanges
  • Recreational
    • used for joy,fun,amusement or recreation
      • Eg: Children's play
  • Metalingual
    • used to talk about it self
      • Eg: How do you think of thinking