导图社区 刘晓燕【语法长难句】
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刘晓燕【语法长难句】
刘晓燕【语法长难句】导图，用导图创建结构框架，识梳理清楚，帮助更好地理解语法长难句的知识，非常实用，值得收藏。
编辑于2021-06-26 21:16:31- 语法长难句
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语法长难句
第一章 简单句
基本结构
主谓
The elephant died.
We laugh.
主谓宾
主系表（主谓表）
谓语动词
实义动词
能够表达动作的词，也叫行为动词.
系动词
有些系动词也可作实义动词 get：得到 turn：转动，转弯 grow：成长，发展，种植 fall：下降 keep：继续（keep doing sth）饲养 stay：逗留
表状态
be动词（连接主语和表语，无意义，用于构成句子）
表感官
look smell taste sound feel （后只能加adj.）
表变化
become get grow fall turn
表保持
keep stay remain stand
表表象
seem appear（相当于感官动词look）
表终止或结果（证明）
prove
主谓双宾
区别主谓双宾和主谓宾宾补：在最后两个宾语中间➕be动词，如果意思读起来通顺，就是宾补，读起来不对就是双宾。
主语➕谓语➕间接宾语➕直接宾语
直接宾语（主要宾语）
常由表示“物”的名次充当
间接宾语
多指“人”的名词或代词承担
引导双宾语常见动词： buy pass lend give tell teach show bring send
主谓宾宾补
宾语➕补语，也称“复合宾语”
补充说明宾语的特点
名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，分词，动词不定式等
句子的成分
主语
一定是谓语动作的发出者
成分
名词，代词（替代名词），非谓语动词，从句（引导词➕句子）
主语不能缺失
无主语的解决方式
1⃣️it作主语：必须与天气，温度，时间有关系
2⃣️there be 句型：当一句话没有主语，并且听到“有”的时候。
3⃣️变主动为被动：所有人称代词作主语的以及句中没有主语的时候，都可以考虑换成被动
English must be pointed out exceedingly indispensable.
Authorities should be proposed to adopt action.
以下情况无被动，只能➕人称代词作主语
1⃣️动词后面有介词，此时是不及物动词，故没有被动
2⃣️系动词没有被动
3⃣️have 表达“有的”意思的时候，没有被动。
4⃣️人称代词：不到万不得已，最好不要使用。
被动语态
被动语态原型：be➕过去分词➕（by），by翻译为“被，由”
常见时态的被动语态
一般现在时
am/is/are ➕done
English is spoken by many people
一般过去时
was/were ➕ done
John was elected president of the class.
一般将来时
will ➕ be ➕done
Several big modern power plants will be built in our City.
现在进行时
am/is/are ➕being ➕done
Two reservoirs are being built at the same time.
过去进行时
was/were ➕being➕done
The hated problems were being discussed.
现在完成时
have/has ➕ been ➕done
100 cars have been produced since last years.
过去完成时
had ➕ been ➕ done
My shoes had been cleaned by somebody.
情态动词
情态动词➕ be done
Many beautiful views can be seen in a big city.
主动变被动
把原主句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
动词变为被动形势，⚠️其随主语的人称和单复数变化，时态保持不变
原主句的主语，如果需要放到by后面，一宾语形式出现（使用代词的宾格）
谓语
英语必须有主谓
We are arriving at Beingjing west railway station.
成分
有时态的实义动词或系动词充当谓语
动词不能多
一句话中只能有一个动词的存在充当谓语，多余的动词全部都要变成非谓语动词。
谓语只能是动词，动词只能做谓语，所有一个句子中有多个动词时，留主要动词，其余动词变成非谓语动词（可充当任何成分）
1⃣️在动词后➕ing表主动或进行
2⃣️在动词后➕ed，表示被动或完成
3⃣️动词前➕to，表示目的或将来
独立主格：I loving you，you love me.
动词不定式作主语时，常用it 做形式主语，把真正的主语后置。
需要动词而没有动词➕be动词，且be没有意思
一句话中有且只能有一个有时态的实义动词或系动词的存在，并且充当谓语。
动词的分类
实义动词
vi不及物
不及物动词➕介词➕宾语
vt及物
及物动词后必须要跟宾语，而且是直接➕宾语。
系动词
看基本结构中系动词
助动词
在一句话中帮助谓语构成时态，被动语态，否定和疑问的词
1⃣️I am a teacher
分类及用法
be
帮助构成进行时和被动语态
3⃣️It is cut off
2⃣️I am having class
do/did/does
一般进行时，一般过去时的否定和疑问
强调谓语动词（只能用do did does）
倒装
have/has
构成完成时
will
构成将来时
情态动词
表明说话人主观态度的词
用法
情态动词不能单独出现，后面必须和实义动词/系动词（原形）构成谓语
分类
can/could
同意表达：be capable of /be competent in
may/might
同意表达：be likely to
must/have to
同意表达：be bound of /be bound for
should/ought to
同意表达：be supposed to/be obliged to
would
同意表达：intend to
need
need to do
dare
敢
表示对过去的推测
must have done 一定做过某事
must表示推测，否定是can not“一定不”
needn't have done 本没必要做某事，但做了
could have done 本能够做某事，但没做表示遗憾
should have done 本应该做某事，但没做
宾语
一定是谓语动作的承受者或是接收者
名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句充当宾语，介词短语，形容词不可充当宾语。
表语
名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句充当表语，介词短语，形容词也能充当表语
写作时
不会的单词可以换成会的
长难句可用简单句表达
长难句
1⃣️找句中的谓语动词，如果存在多个动词，确定要主句的谓语动词（前面没有引导词的动词），从而找到句子的主干
第二章 并列句
在两句话中加连词
连词
常见
平行关系
and，not only …but also…，at the same time，both…and…，either…or…，neither…nor…
转折关系
but，yet，while，whereas，
选择关系
or，whether…or…，
因果关系
for，so
递进关系
then，
逻辑关系词
平行关系
副词
similarly，equally，likewise
介词短语
at the same time，in the meanwhile
转折关系
副词
however，nevertheless，nonetheless，conversely，contrarily，unexpectedly，unfortunately，
介词短语
on the contrary，in/by contrast
选择关系
副词
alternatively，
因果关系
副词
therefore，thus，consequently
介词短语
as a result，as a consequence
递进关系
副词
besides，additionally，subsequently，furthermore，moreover，
介词短语
in a addition
连词与其他逻辑关系词（副词、介词短语）的区别
连词前，有无逗号均可
使用副词或者介词短语时，必须把逗号变成句号，或者是在副词或者介词短语之前➕and
There seems a friend coming from Afar，and consequently，i feel exceedingly delighted.
写作
1
只要写作的上下句具有逻辑关系，通常要用逻辑关系词（连词，副词，介词，介词短语）
长难句分析
并列句省略
并列句的对称原则
词性对称
结构对称
并列句的省略现象
省略句的成分
省略主谓
并列连词后的主谓和前面的主谓一致，可以将后面的省略。
省略be动词
并列句前后主语不同，但是几个句子的谓语动词都是be动词，那么此时可以省略be动词。
省略主语
并列连词后的主语与前面的主语一样时可以省略。
省略重复成分
如果并列句中前后两个句子，出现重复的成分那么厚衣个句子，可以省略重复的成分，但是没重复的成分要保留。
step
1⃣️一句话中只要有省略就一定会面
2⃣️并列连词前有的成分连词前通常有
第三章 名词短语和名词性从句
可作成分
名词可充当的成分有：主语，宾语，表语，同位语（用来解释名词的成分），从句也可以充当以上成分
定义
名词（名词短语）在句中充当的成分，名词性从句也可以充当。
分类
主语从句
what i read looks terrific.
宾语从句
I appreciate what he did.
表语从句
He becomes who we should learn from.
同位语从句
I enjoy the part what they stay together.
引导词
按从句类型分三类
That
当从句是陈述句时，并且that在从句中不充当任何成分也没有具体意思。宾语从句的引导词that 可以省略
Whether/if
当从句是一般疑问句时，whether翻译为“是否”，再从句中仍不充当任何成分。whether可以引导所有的名词性从句，if只能引导宾语从句。
who whom what which whose
所有的特殊疑问词，当从句是特殊疑问句时，并且英语中所有从句一定都是陈述句的形式，也就是引导词➕主语➕谓语的形式。
关于写作那些事儿
主语从句
满分句型
It …that
It seems/looks apparent that /it is self-evident that显而易见，众所周知
It looks beyond dispute that …是毋庸置疑的
It has been widely accepted that 人们普遍认为，众所周知
It is universally acknowledged that 人们普遍认为/众所周知
It keeps my argument that/I think that 我认为
最多一句，最好别用
It is common knowledge that …是一个常识
it作形式主语常见情况
It ➕is➕adj/n.➕to do sth
It ➕v.➕ to do sth
It’s ➕adj/n.➕ doing sth
在it作形式主语的句型中，动名词作主语一般用在no good， waste，useless， no use，dangerous等词后。
It is useless doing that.
It is no good playing games in bed on weekends.
同位语从句(同位语从句，放到名词后）
The matter makes his families rejoiced that he has found a girlfriend.
The truth that nobody can become brilliant without endeavors is ignored by a sea of men.
满分句型
The evidence/truth that …manifests/indicates/suggests that …
这个事实表明
长难句分析
如何识别主语从句
1⃣️只要见到引导词放句首，并且从句后主谓之间没有被逗号隔开，一定是主语从句。除此之外，主句从句首开始，到主句的谓语动词结束。
2⃣️见到it…that… 也通常是主语从句。主语从句引导词that开始到句末结束，it只是形式主语。
如何识别宾语从句
只要实义动词的后面有引导词，就暂定为宾语从句（有可能状语）
如何识别表语从句
只要系动词后有引导词，通常都是表语从句
如何识别同位语从句
只要在名词后面见到引导词，就暂定同位语从句（可能定语从句）
第四章 定语和定语从句
定语
定义
只要在中文中听到“的➕名词”翻译为“…的”，修饰名词（短语）的定语成分。
成分
形容词（短语）(代词）作定语
The innocent nightingale died.
名词（短语）作定语（名词（短语）已经形容词化）
The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.
名词修饰名词，写成n.➕of➕n.结构，先写定语名词
介词短语作定语
The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the youngster.
非谓语动词作定语
The singing nightingale lost his life.
位置
“前小后大”：当一个单词修饰名词时，通常放在名词前；当多个单词修饰名词时，通常在名词后。
The youngster grasping romance left the party of prince.
当过去分词修饰名词时，即使只有一个单词也放在名词后。
The boy dumped looks pitiful.
当形容词修饰不定代词，即使一个单词也放在名词后。
I have something important to say.
定语从句
构成
（先行词）N.➕引导词➕分句
引导词
按照先行词的种类，分5类
1⃣️当先行词是人时
Who,whom,whose
2⃣️当先行词是物时
That,which,whose
3⃣️当先行词是时间
That,which,when
4⃣️当先行词是地点
That,which,when
5⃣️当先行词是原因
That,which,why
一般情况下that=which
用法
先行词
引导词在从句中充当的从句
按照引导词词性，分3类
1⃣️代词-在从句中充当主语、宾语的成分
who,whom,that,which
I will never forget the day that we spent.
The rose that the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.
此句没有宾语，with his life 介词短语不作宾语
2⃣️副词-在从句中不充当任何主干成分
where，when，why
I will never forget the day when I met you.
You had better have some reason why you are late.
The old lady died on that day when her son arrived.
3⃣️形容词-在从句只能把修饰离它最近的名词
whose
Boys whose families keep wealthy never fail to fascinate me.
定语和定语从句的特殊用法
that做引导词可省略
当that在引导定语从句时，如果充当宾语成分，that可以省略。
所以在分析长难句时，如见到两个名词直接放在一起，中间没有标点符号，或者连词隔开通常都是省略了that。
区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句一定要翻译出来
I love Lou who is beautiful
非限制性定语从句在分析长难句时，相当于插入语，可以完全不看。
I love lou,who is beautiful.
先行词和引导词之间有介词，人不用who，只能用whom，物不用that，只能用which。
Gump is a men from whom we should learn.
I will never forget the day on which I met you. On后面必须为名词或者v➕ing
当先行词是reason时，只能用for which
区别the same …as;the same…that引导的定语从句
He is the same man as I love.
长的像，但不是
He is the same man that i love.
就是
which引导非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面整句话，as也可以，但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在从句后面，as可前可后。
My husband enjoys chatting with other young ladies ,which/as drives me mad.
As drives me mad,my husband…
定语从句引导词which和that的区别
which
引导非限制性定语从句
放在介词后作宾语
that
当先行词是不定代词much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing)
主句以here，there开头时
先行词被the only,the same,the very等限定词修饰时
先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
先行词是疑问代词who，which，what或主句以这些词开头
当先行词既有人又有物
区分定语从句和同位语从句
定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，同位语从句是对前面名词的解释。
看引导词that是否充当成分，充当成分即为定语从句，没有充当任何成分就是同位语从句
定语从句的先行词可以是所有名词，同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词。
定语从句引导词共8个，同位语从句引导词一般为that
定语从句至难点
寻找先行词
定语从句先行词一定是离他最近的
定语从句先行词是它前面几个并列的名词
定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句
定语从句先行词是它前面的整个句子
定语从句引导词和先行词之间被隔开
考点分析
写作
只要在作文中遇到名词，尽可能写定语从句
Raising pats looking strinkly cute as well as smart can reduce loneliness of senior citizens who no any decendants. Looking very adj.as well as adj.(万能句式）看起来…和…的
Reading books which beneficial to both physical and mental of youngsters can broaden horizon of readers.
长难句分析
找到定语并且翻译出来
找定语的关键是找到名词，只要名词后面有单词，只要单词不是动词，就暂定是修饰名词的定语成分。（可能为状语）
定语从句从今关系后开始到主句谓语动词之前结束，但如果定语在主句谓语动词之后，定语从名词后开始到句末结束，但是如果定语之后有连词，定语定语到连词前结束。
一个大定语中通常会存在多个小定语，每个小定语到下一个名词后结束，但固定搭配除外，有固定搭配要到下下个名词结束。
第五章 状语和状语从句
引语
形容词
修饰名词—放在名词前作定语，放在系动词后作表语
副词
1⃣️修饰形容词
He is very fast.
2⃣️修饰实义动词
He is runs fast.
3⃣️修饰副词
He runs rather fast.
4⃣️修饰句子
Actually,he runs fast.
状语
什么是状语
在一句话中修饰实义动词，形容词，副词以及整个句子的成分。
状语在一句话中除了n.不可修饰，可以充当任何成分。
状语成分
副词(短语）
She smiles sweetly.
I tried again and again.
介词短语
He runs fast like a crazy dog.
非谓语动词
He leaves,crying.
从句
I will return the book as soon as I have read it.
状语的位置
随意放，放在句首时需要用逗号隔开。
状语从句
构成
引导词➕状语从句➕“，”➕主句
主句➕引导词➕状语从句
引导词
状语按照引导词本身意思分为9类
时间状语从句
引导词
普通引导词
when=while=as (翻译“为…时候”后跟进行时态），before,after,since,not…until…(直到…才）until/till（直到…时）
名词短语
The moment(一…就）,every time,the day,the instant（当…的时候）
副词
immediately，directly，no sooner…than,hardly …when,scarcely…when
When,while,as的区别
when引导的可延续性和短暂性谓语动词，通常表示“当…的时候”
When I lived in countryside,I used to live a tough life.
When the teacher came in,we stopped talking.
While引导的从句谓语动词必须是延续性动词，多用于进行时态，表示“在…时”;也可以强调住从句对比。
While my mother was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.
was reading是延续性动词，Was reading and was watching 同时发生
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.
as 引导从句谓语动词是延续性的，表示“一边…一边”用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以表示“随着”
We always sing as we walk.
As families moved away from their stable community,the informal flow of information is cut off.
No sooner…than,hardly…when引导时间状语从句
1⃣️含义
表示“一…就”
2⃣️时态
主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
I had no sooner begun to take a shower than the water was unavailable.
They hardly had arrived at the bus stop when the bus started to leave.
3⃣️when引导时间状语从句的特殊用法
When I was alone,I would often weep.
如果从句和主句主语一致，并且从句的谓语动词中有be动词，那么从句的主句和be动词可以省略
When alone,I would often weep.
4⃣️区别until和not…until
谓语动词是短暂性的用not…until，延续性的用until
I will wait here until you come.
I will not leave until you come.
地点状语从句
引导词
常用引导词
where
特殊引导词
where ver，anywhere，everywhere
where引导地点状语从句和定语从句的区别和转换
区别
where是否指代前面的先行词，如果指代前面的先行词就是定语从句，否则是地点状语从句。
引导地点状语，where是从属连词，修饰谓语动词，where前没有表示地点的先行词
I find my phone where I had lost it.
引导定语从句，修饰先行词，where是关系副词，代替表地点的先行词在句中作地点状语。
This is house where I lived two years ago.
转换
一般在状语从句前加“in/at the ➕具体地点”
状语从句
We will start where we left off.
定语从句
We will start at the point where we left off.
原因状语从句
引导词
常见引导词
Because,as,since,in that,seeing that,considering that, considering that,now that,given that
连词
for
介词短语（翻译为“因为”）
Because of, due to,（在句末）owing to（在句首），thank to,for the sake of,as a result of
目的状语从句
引导词
常见引导词
So that, in order that➕句子
动词不定式表示目的状语，翻译为“目的是，为了”
To , in order to so as to ➕动词原型
结果状语从句
引导词
常见引导词
So that,so…that,such …that
特殊引导词
To the degree that,to the extent that,to such a degree that
So that,so …that和 such…that的区别
so that 既可以引导目的状语从句，也可以引导结果状语从句
引导目的状语时和情态动词连用
I hurried through my work so that I could be on time for the TV.
引导结果状语时，不和情态动词连用
We moved to the country so that we were away from the noisy city.
so…that的用法adj.
1⃣️ so ➕形容词/副词➕that
The moving was so boring that I gave up watching it halfway through.
2⃣️so➕many/much/few/little➕名词➕that
He got so little money that his family had to live on welfare.
3⃣️so➕形容词➕a/an➕形容词➕可数名词单数➕that
Liu Xiaoyan is so nice a teacher that everyone loves and respects her.
作文中出现adj./adv.都可以写成so…that句型
such…that的用法n
1⃣️such➕a/an ➕形容词➕可数名词单数➕that
It was such a terrible show that none of us would pay for watching it again.
2⃣️such➕形容词➕可数名词复数/不可数名词➕that
This was such wonderful music that it deserved replaying.
让步状语从句
引导词
常见引导词
Though,although,even if, even though
特殊引导词
As, while,no matter, in spite of the fact that ,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever
While翻译为“虽然，尽管”的意思讲，只能放在句首，不能放在句中。
方式状语从句
引导词
常见引导词
as, as if,as though(好像，似乎）
常见特殊引导词
the way（方式）
介词短语
by，through，in…way，in…manner（以…的方式）
条件状语从句
引导词
常见引导词
if，unless（表示if not）
特殊引导词
as/so long as（只要），only if ，providing/provided that（假如），supposing （that）（假如），in case that （以防），on condition that（如果）
比较状语从句
引导词
常见引导词
as than
特殊引导词
The more …the more ,more than…morn than,not so much …as…
as … as（和…一样）
you look as beautiful as I.
more than的用法
后加名词（短语），翻译为“不仅仅是”
后加形容词（短语），翻译成“非常”
后加数词，翻译成“多于，超过，比…多”
后加动词词组，翻译为“不仅仅是”
Not so much as =not even
甚至不/没有
Not so much A as B
与其说A，倒不如说B
More A than B
与其说B，不如说A
常见结构
the ➕形容词或副词比较级➕句子（主谓），the ➕ 形容词或副词的比较级➕句子（主谓）
时态
当主句表示过去的时候，主句与从句都可以使用相应的过去时态
Before I went home,my mother had slept.
当主句表示将来的时候，主句使用一般将来时（主将从现）
I will treat you if I manage to pass the examination of postgraduates.
当主句表示将来完成的时候，主句使用将来完成时，从句使用现在完成时。
As soon as I have finished this work,I will have gone home.
状语从句的考点
写作
任何一句话的旁边都可以加状语成分
长难句分析
识别长难句
只要在句中出现以下内容，通常都是状语
1⃣️adv.
2⃣️条件，原因，目的，结果，让步，方式，比较，伴随状语
3⃣️时间/地点如果在名词后，可能状语可能定语。当无法确定时，定语优先原则，翻译极其不通顺时，才是状语。
翻译
状语和状语从句通常翻译在离他最近的那句话的前面，或是那句话的主谓之间。
第六章 英语的特殊结构
强调句型
构成
It is …that/who…
例句
I met my old flame in the street yesterday.
It was yesterday that I met my old flame in the street.
⚠️
that 可以指人，可以指物，但who只能指人。
谓语不能强调
写作
After my daughter was born,I realized the greatness of mothers.
It was after my daughter was born that I realized the greatness of mothers.
There exist a sea of causes to explain my perspective.
It is a sea of causes that there exist to explain my perspective.
强调主语
It there that exist a sea of causes to explain my perspective.
长难句分析
去掉it is …that，还原句子本来的样子再翻译
倒装
什么是倒装
把一句话写成一般疑问句的语序，也就是给一句话加个助动词或把be动词放在句首。
用法
1⃣️否定词放在句首用倒装
Pets not only do harm to their neighbors and families but also pollution the environment.
Not only do pets do harm to their neighbors and families but also pollution the environment.
2⃣️so，nor/neither位于句首，表示承前句子的肯定或否定用倒装
My husband can speak Japanese.I can speak Japanese ,too.
My husband can speak Japanese ,and so can I.
I cannot dance well.my daughter cannot dance either.
I cannot dance well,and nor/neither can my daughter.
3⃣️so… that将so引导的部分至于句首时，用倒装。
He was so excited that he cannot help laughing at midnight.
So excited was he that he cannot help laughing at midnight.
She looks so gorgeous that she can catch the eyes of everyone.
So gorgeous does she that she can catch the eyes of everyone.
He is giving a speech so forcefully that everyone present is convinced.
So forcefully is he giving a speech that everyone present is convinced.
4⃣️only➕状语放在句首用倒装
His girlfriend called his name only once.
Only once did his girlfriend call his name.
My dearest mother always lives only in my deep heart.
Only in my deep heart does my dearest mother always live.
The problem could be resolved only in this way.
Only in this way could be the problem be resolved.
5⃣️as 引导让步状语从句，从句的表语可放在句首构成倒装。
As he is a teacher,he keeps common.
Teacher as he is ,he keeps common.
所有可数名词不得单独使用，前面必须加a an the ，倒装除外。
As the drawing seems simple,the meaning behind it is far-reaching.
Simple as the drawing seems,the meaning behind it is far-reaching.
6⃣️省略if的虚拟语气用倒装
考点分析
写作
所有倒装都可以是满分句型
Under no circumstances can parents fail to shed light on cultivating confidence of their children.
I feel so excited that I have no any strength all over.
So excited do I feel that.
Only at home do i feel safe and relaxed.
长难句分析
识别倒装
只要一句话中见到一般疑问句形式，通常都是倒装。
翻译
还原倒装部分后再做翻译
虚拟语气
什么是虚拟语气
表示与事实相反或者语气委婉
一般用法
if引导条件状语从句
If you are a tear in my eyes, I will never shed it.
If you were a tear in my eyes,I would never shed it.
If I was a dog last night , I could sleep with you in bed.
If I had been a dog last night ,I could have slept with you in bed.
If I still remember you in my next life,we will definitely stay together.
If I still remembered in my next life,we would definitely stay together.
总结
如何把一个正常条件状语从句变虚拟语气，只需要把已经写好的句子的时态变为过去式就可以。需要注意的是所有的虚拟语气中，所有be动词（am/is/are）的过去式通常是were，不用was。在虚拟语气中would=could=might
1⃣️对现在和将来的虚拟
主句用“would➕do”，从句用一般过去时
2⃣️对过去的虚拟
主句用“could➕ have done”，从句用过去完成时
特殊用法
1⃣️这几种情况从句用“should ➕ v”表示虚拟，并且should 可省略。
以防
In case that,for fear that,lest
命（命令）
Order,direct,command
贱（建议）
Suggest,advise,propose
要求
Ask,request,require,demend
用虚拟
是必要/紧急的
It is necessary/important/urgent that …
2⃣️这几种情况从句用一般过去时表示虚拟
Would rather（宁愿） ,it is high time that（是时候…）,
3⃣️区别对待
Would,if only（如果…该多好阿） ,but for（要不是） ,or/otherwise（否则），as if/as though（好像）
意思是把本来的时态变成相应的过去时，情况类似于if条件句变虚拟语气
I wish I will be your angel and protect you.
I wish would be your angel and protect you.
When I was young,he treated me as if I was his own son.
When I was young,he treated me as if I had been his son.
4⃣️虚拟语气的倒装
if引导虚拟条件句时，如果从句中有were/had/should，可以省略if，用倒装句“were/had/should➕主语”
If I had followed my mother at the beginning,I could have had a brilliant future.
Had I followed my mother at the beginning,I could have had a brilliant future.
考点分析
写作
长难句分析
可直接翻译，同if虚拟语气
插入语
含义
插入语是指插在句子中的词语或句子，其位置比较灵活，通常用，或——隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系
作用
是对一句话附加解释，说明或总结；有时表示说话人的态度和看法；有时起强调作用；有时是为了引起对方的注意；还可以转移话题或说明原因的作用；也可以承上启下，让语句间的衔接更为紧密。
常用插入语
副词
Undoubtedly,indeed,surely,obviously,actually,furthermore,besides,additionaly,similarly,exactly
Respecting parents,undoubtedly,keeps a Chinese traditional virtue.
Corporation,actually,is a necessity to success.
介词短语
For my part,from my perspective,in short, on the contrary,in other words, in a/some scenes, in general,in one’s opinion,in conclusion,in reality,as a matter of fact, in addition,in return, as a consequence/result
不定式短语
To be frank,to tell you the truth,to be honest,to be sure,to make the matter worse
分句
I believe,I suppose,I’m afraid,what’s more ,you know,that is (to say),as far as I know,as far as I’m concerned,believe it or not
现在分词
Honestly speaking,generally speaking,strictly speaking
考点分析
写作
3-4个
长难句分析
翻译时⚠️
1⃣️插入语表示观点，提到句首翻译
2⃣️是修饰前面名词的定语，按照定语的翻译原则
3⃣️除以上两种，其他情况可直译，用小括号隔开即可。