Organic Chemistry有机化学思维导图

这是一篇关于Organic Chemistry的思维导图，包含碳氢化合物、有机反应的类型和反应机理、立体异构、 结构异构等。

Organic Chemistry

• Hydrocarbon
  • hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon and hydrogen only.
• different types of formula
  • empirical forlula
  • molecular formula
  • structural formula
  • displayed formula
  • skeletal formula
  • 3D displayed formula
• Homologous series
  • classes of related organic compounds called homologous series.
• Functional group
  • all the compounds within each homologous series consist of molecules with a particular atom, or grouping of atoms.
  • alkanes
  • alkenes
  • halogenoalkanes
  • alcohols
  • aldehydes
  • ketones
  • carboxylic acid
  • esters
  • amines
  • nitriles
• Bonding in organic molecules
  • single covalent bonds are known as sigma bonds
  • The pair of electrons in a sigma bond is found in a region of space between the nuclei of two atoms sharing electrons.
  • single bond: 1 sigma 1 pie
  • double bond: 1 sigma 1 pie
  • triple bond: 1 sigma 2 pie
• Naming organic compounds
  • The stem of each name indicates how many carbon atoms are in the longest chain in one molecule of the compound.
  • The position of side-chains or functional groups: starts at the end that produces the lowest possible nnumbers in the name.
  • Indicate how many same alkyl groups by inserting di(two), tri(three), or tetra(four）in front of its name.
  • list in the name in alphabetical order
  • Use the numberin system where necessary to indicate the position of the functional group.
• Structural isomerism
  • compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
  • position isomerism
  • functional group isomerism
  • chain isomerism
• Stereoisomerism
  • compounds whose molecules have the same atoms bonded to each other, but with different arrangements of the atoms in space.
  • Geometrical isomerism
    • no free rotation about a C=C double bond
    • unsaturated compounds with the structures have geometrical(cis/trans) type of isomerism.
  • optical isomerism
    • If a molecule contains a carbon atom that is bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms, it can form two optical isomers called enantiomers.
    • The carbon atom with the four different groups attached to it is called the chiral centre of the molecules.
• Types of organic reaction and reaction mechanisms
  • Homolytic fission
  • Heterolytic fission
  • three types of carbocation
    • primary carbocation
    • secondary carbocation
    • tertiary carbocation
  • Electrophile
    • electron deficient
  • Nucleophiles
    • electron-rich species, they carry a negative or partial negative charge
  • Addition reactions
    • the formation of a single product from two or more molecule
    • catalyst: phosphuric acid
    • Bromine water in orange is used to test C=C bond in compounds. If it is unsaturated, the bromine water will be decolorised.
  • Substitution reactions
    • the replacement of one atom, or a group of atoms by another.
  • Hydrolysis
    • the breakdown of a molecule by water
  • Oxidation
    • The number of oxygen atoms before and after a reaction
  • Reduction
    • The number of hydrogen atoms before a reaction
  • The mechanism of electrophilic addition to alkene
  • Cold dilute acidified maganate solution
    • the pale purple solution turns colourless(open double bond)
  • Hot concentrated acidified manganate solution
    • If a carbon atom is bonded to two hydrogen atoms, we get oxidation to a CO2 and water.
    • If a carbon atom is bonded to one alkyl group and hydrogen, the aldehyde will be formed.
    • If a carbon atom is bonded to two alkyl group, the ketone will be formed.
  • Addition polymerisation
    • Disposal of polyethene plastics
      • There are non-biodegradable
      • If poly waste, is burnt, acidic hydrogen chloride gas will be given off, as well a toxic compounds. (recycle)
  • Halogenoalkanes
    • free-radical substitution
• Alcohol, esters and carboxylic acid
• Carbonyl compounds