大学英语The mind map of Chapter3 Reading3

大学学术英语读写教程下册，青春期是自我认识和发展的时期，介绍了与之密切相关三个因素。

Cognitive and social development in adolescents

• Adolescence is a period of self-awareness and development. And the following three factors are closely related to it
  • • Identity formation
      • The impression that teenagers give people
        • Teenagers try things and find truth in them
      • Their motivation to try something new
        • Look for identity
      • The resulting impact
        • Some adolescents adopt the values and sense of self they developed during childhood
        • But most teenagers have identity conflicts. They let go of the values of their parents and teachers and form their own values by constantly trying new things
  • Adolescent egocentrism
    • Why are teenagers so self-centered?
      • Teenagers not only think about themselves, but also pay attention to the ideas of others, thinking that they are the focus of attention. This leads to increased self-awareness
    • Two particularl manifestations of adolescent egocentrism
      • • Teenagers feel that they are acting "on stage" and thus creating an imaginary audience
        • Adolescents overemphasize their importance and thus develop an unrealistic view of themselves, known as "personal prophecy," which leads them to act in ways that harm themselves and others
  • The influence of family
    • The relationship between adolescent and family
      • An important part of adolescence is being separated from family in some way. On the one hand, teenagers long for independence. On the other hand, they feel sad and afraid about giving up the security that their family brings
    • Parents' style is the key for teenagers to solve family problems
      • Authoritarian parenting: Teenagers are not allowed to express their opinions, and their status in the family is offset
        • It can lead to more conflicts, rebellion and alienation among teenagers or make them form bad obedience and conformity
      • Permissive parenting: Teenagers can do almost anything they want. Parents support them, but set few limits
      • Democratic education: Parents act as experts to give advice and set limits. But they do consult teenagers, give them independent choices and involve them in decision-making
    • The current state of family relationships
      • • Most young people think that their parents have adopted the democratic way, and they cherish it.
      • • Adolescent family problems can also often be traced to overly authoritarian or permissive parental treatment