American History

American History，它涵盖了从殖民时代的美国、独立战争、南北战争、20世纪的美国人、 21世纪的美国人等。

American History

• America in the Colonial Era 殖民时代的美国
  • 1. Early expeditions
    • Columbus's journey of 1492
    • The contient was named after Amerigo Vespucci(阿美利哥.韦斯普奇）
  • 2. Pilgrim Fathers移民先驱
    • In 1620, Puritans—the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for Virginia(弗吉尼亚） aboard the ship Mayflower（五月花号）.
    • Reason to flee from England:to avoid the religious persecution
    • Landed in Plymouth（普利茅斯），Massachusetts（马萨诸塞州/New England）
    • The pilgrims（Puritans清教徒） recieved help from the Indians
    • The Mayflower Campact(五月花号公约）为随后成立自治政府打下了基础，但并不能解决生存问题
  • 3. Thirteen colonies13殖民地
    • Seven Years‘ War 英法战争
  • 4. Stamp Act印花税法案
    • A direct tax imposed by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of Britians专门对殖民地征收的直接税
    • Purpose: help pay for troops stationed in North America after the British victory in the Seven Years’War.帮助支付英国在七年战争胜利后驻扎在北美的军队
    • The British government felt: the colonies were the primary beneficiaries of this military presence.英国政府认为殖民地是主要受益者
  • 5 .Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件
    • In 1773, patriots staged the “Boston Tea Party”in response to the tea tax.
    • further intensified the conflict between Britain and the colonies.进一步激化了英国和殖民地之间的矛盾。
    • British Parliament then passed the Intolerable Acts《不可容忍法案》:The independence of the Massachusetts colonial government was curtailed, and more British soldiers were sent to the Port of Boston.
    • Colonial‘Slogan”no taxation without representation“不代表不纳税
  • 6. The First Continental Congress第一次大陆集团大会1774
• The War of Independence 独立战争（1775-1783）
  • 1. The Shot of Lexington列克星顿之枪
    • On April 19, 1775, British troops were sent to Lexington（列克星顿） and Concord（康科德） to disarm the American militiamen（民兵）.（马萨诸塞州）
    • The first shot in the American War of Independence.
  • 2.The Second Continental Congress 第二次大陆会议
    • Held in Philadelphia（费城） in May 1775
    • Assume the functions of a national government
    • Founding Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington(乔治.华盛顿，美国第一任总统）.
    • Demand（要求）: the 13 American colonies were now independent states
    • no longer a part of the British Empirc.
  • 3. Declaration of Independence 《独立宣言》
    • On July 4, 1776 was signed ，drafted by Thomas Jefferson（托马斯.杰斐逊，独立宣言主要起草人，美国第三任总统，赞美农民的美德）
    • 1.It tells of the theory of politics, which became central to the Western political tradition西方政治传统核心的政治理论
    • 2.Men have a natural right to “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness”生命、自由、追求幸福
    • 3.Governments can rule only with “the consent of the governed”被统治者同意
    • 4.Any government may be dissolved when it fails to protect the rights of the people.
  • 4. American War of Independence
    • Slogen：” Give me liberty or give me death“”Join or Die“”We must all hang together, or, most assuredly, we shall all hang separately.“
    • It dragged on for seven years.
    • The victory at Saratoga（萨拉托加）(October, 1777) —turning point（转折点）
    • Benjamin Franklin（本杰明.富兰克林，第二任总统）The French King made two agreements with Franklin:France would take part in the war against England.They agreed to trade with each other.（法国因为七年战争，英法交恶之初是法国的诺曼底公爵 创立了英国的金雀花王朝）
    • Spain and Holland joined France against England —a quick end to the war.（因为英国的海上扩张）
    • In 1781, a decisive victory at Yorktown（约克镇之战） in Virginia（弗尼吉亚）.（马萨诸塞州）
    • On October 19, 1781, the British general Cornwallis was forced to
    • surrender, the war came to an end.
    • The British and the Americans signed the Treaty of Paris《巴黎条约》 in 1783 and America won its independence.
    • Territorial expansion(领土扩张）：Mississippi River、Louisiana Purchase、Texas、California
  • 5. The Establishment of the Constitution《宪法的确立》
    • On May 25, 1787, the constitution was drafted.
    • In June 1789, the constitution came into effect in nine
    • states.
    • Ten amendments（十项修正案） - the Bill of Rights 《权利法案》- were added to the Constitution in 1791.
• The Civil War 南北战争（1861-1865）
  • 1 Causes of Civil War
    • Political reason：The North（新）—Federal Government: as a union北联邦政府 The South—The Confederate Government:the independence of each state南方邦联政府
    • Economic reason：In the South—slavery（奴隶） was the foundation种植园 In the North—commerce and industry led the economy Industrial（工业化） economy required the restriction of slavery and territory for raw materials, markets and labor supply 马萨诸塞州
    • Economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between North and South.经济对抗导致南北文化之间的冲突增加
  • 2 The Fierce War激烈的战争
    • The eastern arena（战场）—Virginia
    • The western Arena—areas west to the Appalachian Range and the Mississippi River area
    • On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln took office.（亚伯拉罕.林肯）
    • first priority—keeping the United States one country 11 southern states seceded from Federal Union proclaimedan independent nation.（保持美国为一个国家）secondary objective—freedom for black people（解放黑人）
    • 1863.1.1 Lincon issued the Emancipation Proclamation(解放宣言)granting freedom to all slaves
    • Gettysburg （葛底斯堡）—turning point of the war Union army defeated one Confederate army later all other Confederate forces soon surrendered On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated （暗杀）by actor John Wilkes Booth（约翰.威尔克斯.布斯格）.
  • 3 Influence of the Civil War
    • 1) abolished the slavery system废除奴隶制
    • 2) swept the obstacles to the development of US capitalist production扫清了美国资本主义生产发展的障碍
  • 4 The Establishment of the Constitution
• American in the 20th Century
  • World War I
    • 背景：1.Population：masses of immigrant 2.Political：independent &united 3.Economy：factories 4.Culture religion：diversifying &freedom
    • 原因：1. the Germans announced that submarines were to be used to sink ships going to England, which would greatly injure American trade. 2.Germany promised the Mexicans a chance to regain its lost territory by going to war against the U.S. 3. after more than two years of fighting, both sides grew weary.
  • 1918.01，President Wilson （威尔逊）proposed his Fourteen Points as the basis for peace negotiation.
  • The Versailles Treaty《凡尔赛条约》 was signed on June 28，1919
  • The Great Depression（大萧条）broke out 1929-
  • World War II
    • The Japanese air raid on Pearl Harbor was the direct cause for America's entrance into the war. 日本对珍珠港的空袭是美国参战的直接原因。
    • In June 1944, American, British and Canadian forces landed on the beaches of Normandy(诺曼底), opening the long-delayed western front to attack the Germans.1944年6月，美国人，英国和加拿大军队在诺曼底登陆，打开拖延已久的西线进攻德军。
    • In May 1945, Germany surrendered. On August 6 and 9, American airplanes dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima (广岛) and Nagasaki (长崎). 1945年5月，德国投降。8月6日和9日，美国飞机在广岛投下两颗原子弹和长崎。
    • On August 14, Japan surrendered and World War II ended.8月14日，日本投降，第二次世界大战结束。
  • In April 1945, a conference was called in San Francisco to organize the United Nations. Fifty-one countries altogether attended the conference and the United Nations was established1945年4月，在旧金山召开了一次组织联合国的会议。共有51个国家出席了会议，联合国成立了
  • In the spring of 1947, President Truman (1884-1972) declared the “Truman Doctrine"* in order to establish the U.S. hegemony (霸权) in the post-war world. This marked the beginning of the Cold War.1947年春天，杜鲁门总统(1884-1972)宣布"杜鲁门主义"*以建立美国霸权战后世界的霸权。这标志着冷战的开始
  • In April 1949, the U.S. allied with other Western countries, forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949年4月，美国与其他西方国家结盟，成立北大西洋公约组织。
  • The Korean War started in June 1950 and ended in 1953 when the ceasefire agreement was signed.朝鲜战争于1950年6月开始，1953年停火结束重新签订协议。
• American in the 21th Century
  • In the presidential election of 2000, George W. Bush (1946- ), son of the former President Bush, became the 43rd President of the United States. The theme of Bush's inaugural address was national unity.在2000年的总统选举中，小布什(1946年)，小布什的儿子布什总统成为美国第43任总统。布什就职演说的主题是民族团结
  • This helped him to secure the passage of a tax cut in June 2001.这帮助奥巴马在2001年6月通过了减税法案。
  • On September 11, 2001, the United States suffered the most devastating foreign attack ever against its mainland. （911恐怖袭击事件）