academic writing skills

学术英语课程总结，该思维导图全面且系统地梳理了学术写作从选题到摘要各环节的关键要点和注意事项，有助于提升学术写作能力。

academic writing skills

• citation
  • Methods
    • direct quotation直接引用
      • introduction引言
      • quoted text引用文本
      • in-text citation
        • (姓+年）
      • end-of-text references
    • paraphrasing改述
      • method
        • Use synonyms.同义词
        • Use different parts of speech.换词性
        • Use different sentence structures.变句子结构，如主动变被动
        • Use different order.不同语序
      • 原则
        • 不改变原意
        • 不出现连续3个与原文相同的单词
        • 人名，地点，数字等可以不变
    • summarizing总结
      • principle
        • Identify main points
        • Paraphrase 改述
        • Be concise 简明扼要
        • Avoid personal opinion
  • element
    • in-text citation
    • end-of-text references
    • parenthetical references括号参考
      • parenthetical（姓+年份）
      • narrative（年份）
    • numbered references编号参考
• choose a topic
  • Picking a Topic主题
  • Defining Research Objectives目标
  • Formulating Research Questions制定问题
  • Developing Hypotheses 做假设
  • Drafting a Working Title初步标题
• Writing Introduction Based on the Collection of Empirical Data
  • Background information给出背景信息
  • Review of the related previous research
  • Identification of the unsolved problems确定未解决的问题
  • Presentation of your thesis statement or research objectives.介绍中心论点、目标
  • Methodology overview.方法概述
  • Overview of the structure.结构概述
• tense in introduction or literature review
  • past tense
  • present tense
  • present perfect tense现在完成时
  • （Present continuous tense 现在进行时（intr））
• body part
  • Variables(变量）
    • Independent variables (IVs).自变量
    • Dependent variables (DVs)因变量
    • Controlled variables (or Constants)无关变量
  • research method
    • Quantitative research methods.定量分析
      • a. Survey and questionnaire 问卷 b. Experiment 实验 c. Observational study观察 d. Secondary data analysis e. Content analysis（可能不考） f. Statistical modeling 建立模型 g. Meta-Analysis 元分析
    • Qualitative research methods. 定性分析
      • a. Interview 采访 b. Focus group 团体谈话 c. Participant observation 参与者观察 d.Ethnography(民族志）, Case study（案例研究）, Content analysis（内容分析）, Grounded theory（扎根理论）
    • mixed-methods
• structuring the entire body part
  • developing multiple subsections
  • logical flow
  • varied evidence(多样化证据）
  • unity and coference（统一性和连贯性）
• structure of combined discussion and conclusion
  • restatement of the research objective
  • summary of key findings
  • interpretation and discussion
  • conclusion
  • final reflection
• abstract
  • Context and Purpose
    • Present tense
  • Methods
    • Past tense
  • Results
    • Past tense
  • Conclusions
    • Present tense
  • Keywords
• Writing Literature Review
  • Writing Integrated Review 撰写综合评论
    • Research Focus 研究重点
    • Critical Evaluation 批判性评估
    • Research Rationale 研究原理
  • Writing Standalone Review独立综述
    • Introduction
    • Body
    • Conclusion
• 两类论文
  • Review Paper综述类
  • Empirical Paper实证类