conversational structure

这是一篇关于conversational structure 的思维导图，阐述了会话结构中的多个关键要素，主要内容包括：repairs 对话修复，uptalk 升调语调，discourse-pragmatic markers，hesitation noises 犹豫音，turn-taking 话轮转换，adjacency pairs 成对出现的话，Dialogue structure。

conversational structure (Busy!)

• Dialogue structure
  • hello
  • opening
    • topic introduced
  • negotiation
    • details
  • (pre-)closing
    • ready to end
    • tricky
      • terminal change
    • closing sequences
  • goodbye
• adjacency pairs 成对出现的话
  • the utterance pair
    • predict which speech act people will do
  • pair type
    • first pair part
    • second pair part
  • 种类
    • question-answer
    • greeting-greeting
    • suggestion-acceptance/refusal
    • assessment-agreement/disaggreement
    • statement-acknowledgement
    • request for favour/granting
    • apology-acceptance
    • Summons and acknowledgement
  • embedded adjacency pair 嵌套邻接对
    • It contains a clarification subdialogue (B) and when it resolves, the original pair (A) can finish
• turn-taking 话轮转换
  • tag questions 反义疑问句
    • giving the floor 把说话的机会交给对方
  • “you know”
    • 作用
      • pursue agreement
      • check comprehension
      • show politeness
      • reduce social distance
• hesitation noises 犹豫音
  • functions & effects
    • floor holder 保持说话权
      • prevent others from jumping in
    • reduce conversation pressure 缓解对话压力
    • cue in to what going to say next
      • remember what comes next
    • help children interprete utterance
• discourse-pragmatic markers
  • explicitly signpost turn signals
    • yeah no
    • so yeah
    • is that make sense
    • wait
• uptalk 升调语调
  • rising intonation
  • 目的
    • seek consensus
    • prevent interruption
    • head off a floor challenge 避免说话权被挑战
• repairs 对话修复
  • unexpected, sth. gone wrong→go back and repair
  • 分类
    • self-initiated 自我启动的修复
    • other-initiated他人启动修复
      • use with care