内分泌系统学习笔记

内分泌系统学习笔记，知识点涵盖了内分泌系统概况、激素、脑下垂体、甲状腺、胸腺、松果体、肾上腺等，希望梳理的内容对你有所帮助！

endocrine system

• General Situation
  • consists of a widely distributed group of glasses that release specific chemical substances called hormones.
  • It is a network of glandular structures that function in close coordination with the nervous system.
• Hormones
  • Hormones produce their effects by binding to receptors, which are recognition sites in the various target tissues on which the hormones act.
    • Nitrogen hormone secreting cells.
    • Steroid cell
• Pituitary Gland
  • The pituitary gland is a pea-sized body located at the base of the brain in the saddle-like depression of the sphenoid bone.
    • adenohypophysis（anterior pituitary gland）
      • Secrete growth hormone,Thyroid hormone, gonadotropin, etc.
    • Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
      • Secrete antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
• Thyroid Gland
  • The thyroid gland is a small flat gland located in the front of the throat, just below the larynx.
    • Thyroid hormone promotes metabolism and maintains normal development of the body.
• Parathyroid Glands
  • The parathyroid glands are four to six tiny glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid glad.
    • Parathyroid hormone is involved in regulating the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body and maintaining the blood calcium balance.
• The Thymus
  • • located beneath the breastboone，resembles a lymph gland in structure.
    • Lymphatic tissue and antibody-producing lymphocytes
    • The gland produces a single hormone called thymosin，which is important in the development of the immune response in newborns.
• The pineal Gland
  • Located in the central portion of the brain. Produce melatonin.
    • Melatonin affects the maturity of puberty sexual organs and the physiological rhythm of human body.
• The Gonads
  • male
    • testicle
      • testosterone
        • Promote gonad development and synthesis of protein.
  • female
    • ovary
      • progesterone
        • Be responsible for the preparation and maintenance of pregnant uterus.
      • estradiol
        • Responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary characteristics.
• Pancreas
  • The pancreas is located just below the stomach in the abdomen.
  • The special cell in pancreas is called Langerhans islet, which has endocrine function.
    • insulin
      • Reduce the blood sugar balance in the blood.
    • glucagon
      • Raise blood sugar level.
• Adrenal Glands
  • The adrenal glands are a pair of triangular organs located on the top of each kidney.
  • adrenal cortex
    • Mineralocorticoid
      • Maintain water and salt metabolism of human body.
    • glucocorticoid
      • Maintain carbohydrate metabolism.
    • sex hormone
      • Affect the second characteristic.
  • adrenal medulla
    • Adrenaline and norepinephrine.
      • Maintain blood pressure balance and regulate visceral smooth muscle.