Charpter1 Invitations to Linguistics

语言学教程 Charpter1 lnvitations to Linguistics 思维导图，主要分为Language和Linguistics两大知识板块。

Charpter1 Invitations to Linguistics

• Language
  • 1.1 Why Study Language?
    • intriguing and useful for many different reasons
  • 1.2 What is Language?
    • (a) human speech
    • (b) the ability to communicate by this means
    • (c) a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings
    • (d) the written representation of such a system
    • (e)In short, language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animal communication system.
    • several most frequently used senses
  • 1.3 Design Feature of Language
    • 1.3.1 Arbitrariness
      • the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning
        • Arbrtrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning
        • Arbitrariness at the syntactic level
        • Arbitrariness and convention
    • 1.3.2 Duality
      • "By DUALITY is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. "(Lyons, 1981:20)
    • 1.3.3 Creativity
      • language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.
    • 1.3.4 Displacement
      • human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space)at the moment of communication.
    • 1.3.5 Cutural Transmission
      • language has to be taught and learnt
      • not by instinct
  • 1.4 Origin of Language
    • the bow-wow theory
    • the pooh-pooh theory
    • the yo-he-yo theory
    • all sorts of fanciful speculations
  • 1.5 Functions of Language
    • 1.5.1 Informative Function
    • 1.5.2 Interpersonal Function
    • 1.5.3 Performative Function
    • 1.5.4 Emotive Function
    • 1.5.5 Phatic Communion
    • 1.5.6 Recreational Function
    • 1.5.7 Metalingual Function
    • Jackbson's views of the functions of languages
• Linguistics
  • 1.6 What Is Linguistics?
    • Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language. Linguistics is a rich and exciting field.
  • Scope
    • 1.7 Microlinguistics
      • 1.7.1 Phonetics
        • sounds
      • 1.7.2 Phonology
        • the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure
          • how sounds are put together
      • 1.7.3 Morphology
        • studies the minimal units of meaning - morphemes and word-formation processes
          • how symbols are arranged and combined to form words
      • 1.7.4 Syntax
        • about principles of forming and understanding English sentences
      • 1.7.5 Semantics
        • examines how meaning is encoded in a language.
          • meaning
      • 1.7.6 Pragmatics
        • the study of meaning in context
    • 1.8 Macrolinguistics
      • 1.8.1 Psycholinguistics
        • investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example
      • 1.8.2 Sociolinguistics
        • the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community
      • 1.8.3 Anthropological Linguistics
        • concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years
      • 1.8.4 Computational Linguistics
        • an interdisciplinary field which centers around the use of computers to process or produce human language (also known as " natural language," to distinguish it from computer languages)
  • 1.9 Important Distinctions in Linguistics
    • 1.9.1 Descriptive vs. Prescriptive
    • 1.9.2 Synchronic vs. Diachronic
      • A SYNCHRONIC description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.
      • Saussure' s DIACHRONIC linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.
    • 1.9.3 Langue ＆ Parole
      • langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker
      • parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances)
    • 1.9.4 Competence ＆ Performance
      • A language user' s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence.
      • Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.
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