植物的光合作用

植物的光合作用思维导图，包括影响光合作用的因素、植物对光能的利用、光合作用的重要性、叶绿体及其色素、光合作用的过程等内容。

植物的光合作用Photosynthesis of plants.

• 叶绿体及其色素Chloroplasts and their pigments.
  • 光合作用的化学特性Chemical characteristics of photosynthesis.
    • 叶绿素chlorophyll
      • 叶绿素achlorophyll a
      • 叶绿素bChlorophyll b
    • 类胡萝卜素carotenoid
      • 叶黄素lutein
      • 胡萝卜素carotene
  • 光合色素的光学特性Chemical characteristics of photosynthetic pigments.
    • 两个吸光强区Two light absorption zones
      • 红光red light
      • 蓝紫光 Blue Purple Light
    • 激发态excited state
  • 叶绿体的结构和成分Structure and composition of chloroplasts.
    • 结构construction
      • 被膜envelope
      • 基质：主要是可溶性蛋白Matrix: mainly soluble protein
      • 片层结构：lamellar structure
        • 基粒：类囊体垛叠Basal grain: inner capsule stack
        • 片层：片层类囊体Lamellar: lamellar Thylakoid
        • 类囊体膜：又称光和膜Thylaoid membrane: Also called photosynthetic membrane
      • 类囊体thylakoid
        • 类型type
          • 基质类囊体Matrix thylaoid
          • 基粒类囊体Basal capsule
        • 类囊体堆叠可以更有效的收集光能The clustering stack can effectively collect light energy.
    • 成分ingredient
      • 水分：75%-80%Moisture content is 75% ~ 80%.
      • 干物质:20%-25%20%~ 25% dry matter.
• 光合作用的过程The process of photosynthesis.
  • 原初反应Original reaction.
    • 光能吸收Light energy absorption.
    • 光能传递Light energy transmission.
    • 光能转化Light energy conversion
    • 光合单位Photosynthetic unit.
  • 电子传递electron transfer
    • 光系统photosystem
      • 双光增效：远红光和红光同时照射促进光合速率增加Double-light synergistic effect: the simultaneous irradiation of far red light and red light enhances the photosynthetic rate.
      • 光系统I复合体Optical System I complex.
      • 光系统II复合体Optical System Ⅱcomplex.
    • 光合电子传递途径Photosynthetic electron transmission pathway.
  • 光合磷酸化photophosphorylation
    • ATP合成ATP synthesis.
    • ATP产生ATP generation.
  • 碳同化carbon assimilation
    • C3途径c3 pathway.
      • 羧化阶段Carboxation phase.
      • 还原阶段The Restore phase.
      • 再生阶段Regeneration stage.
    • C4途径c4 pathway.
      • 羧化与还原Carboxation and reduction.
      • 转移与脱酸Transfer and deacidification.
      • 更新update
    • CAM途径：CAM pathway.景天酸代谢途径Jingtian acid metabolic pathway.
    • 光和产物photosynthate
      • 淀粉在叶绿体中合成Starch is synthesized in chloroplasts.
      • 蔗糖在细胞质基质中合成Sucrose was synthesized in cytoplasmic matrix.
      • 淀粉和蔗糖合成的调节Regulation of sucrose and starch synthesis.
      • 强光和高浓度二氧化碳有利于淀粉和蔗糖的合成Strong light and high concentration of carbon dioxide are conducive to the synthesis of starch and sucrose.
• 光合作用的重要性The importance of photosynthesis.
  • 把无机物变成有机物Turn inorganic substances into organic substances.
  • 积蓄太阳能Accumulate solar energy.
  • 环境保护environmental protection
• 植物对光能的利用Utilization of light energy by plants
  • 光能利用率efficiency for solar energy utilization
    • 利用率低的原因：漏光损失，叶片反射Low utilization：Light leakage loss, blade reflection
    • 量子需要量Quantum requirement
  • 提高光能利用率Improve the utilization rate of light energy.
    • 延长光和作用的时间Prolonging photosynthesis time
    • 增加光合面积Increase the area of photosynthesis.
      • 合理密植rational close planting
      • 改变株型Change plant type
    • 提高光合效率Improve photosynthetic efficiency.
    • 提高光合能力Increase photosynthetic capacity.
      • 增加二氧化碳浓度Increase carbon dioxide concentration.
      • 降低光呼吸Reduce light respiration.
    • 提高经济系数Increase the economic coefficient.
      • 选育优良品种Breed excellent varieties.
      • 协调库源关系Coordinate database source relationships.
• 影响光合作用的因素Factors affecting photosynthetic rate
  • 外界因素external factor
    • 光照illumination
      • 光照时间 illumination time
      • 光质light quality
      • 光强度illumination intensity
        • 光补偿点light compensation point
        • 光饱和点light saturation point
      • 光抑制photoinhibition
    • 二氧化碳carbon dioxide
    • 温度temperature
      • 最低温度minimum temperature
      • 最适温度optimum temperature
      • 最高温度maximum temperature
    • 矿质元素mineral element
    • 水分moisture
    • 氧气oxygen
    • 光合速率的变化Changes in photosynthetic rate
  • 内部因素internal factor
    • 处于不同部位In different parts
      • 叶龄leaf age
      • 叶的结构Leaf structure
    • 处于不同生育期In different growth periods
    • 同化物的输出Assimilation output
    • 植物种类floristics