导图社区 机械工程材料
一张思维导图带你了解机械工程材料的内容,包括金属材料性能、晶体结构、金属结晶、合金结晶、金属材料的表面处理。
编辑于2021-12-20 15:08:56机械工程材料 Material of Mechanical Engineering
金属材料性能 Metal material performance
使用性能 Use performance
力学性能 Mechanical performance
强度 strength
指金属抵抗塑性变形和断裂的能力 Refers to the ability of metals to resist plastic deformation and fracture
塑性 Plasticity
指材料断裂前发生不可逆塑性变形的能力 Refers to the ability of a material to undergo irreversible plastic deformation before it breaks
硬度 hardness
指材料抵抗局部变形,尤其是塑性变形、压痕或划痕的能力 Refers to the ability of a material to resist local deformation, especially plastic deformation, indentation or scratches
硬度是衡量金属软硬程度的判据
布氏硬度 Brinell hardness
球压头、测压痕直径 Ball indenter, measuring indentation diameter
洛氏硬度 Rockwell hardness
圆锥体压头、测压痕深度 Cone indenter, measuring indentation depth
维氏硬度 Vickers hardness
韧性 Toughness
韧性是指金属在断裂前吸收变形能量的能力, 它表示了金属材料抗冲击的能力 Toughness refers to the ability of a metal to absorb deformation energy before fracture. It indicates the ability of a metal material to resist impact.
疲劳强度 Fatigue strength
零件在循环应力作用下, 在一处或几处产生局部永久性累积损伤,经一定循环次数后产生裂纹或突然发生完全断裂的过程, 称为疲劳断裂 Under the action of cyclic stress, the process of partial permanent cumulative damage in one or several places, cracks or sudden complete fracture after a certain number of cycles, is called fatigue fracture.
物理性能 Physical performance
密度、熔点、热膨胀性、导热性、导电性、磁性等 Density, melting point, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, magnetism, etc.
化学性能 Chemical performance
指金属抵抗活泼介质化学侵蚀的能力 Refers to the ability of metals to resist chemical attack by active media
工艺性能 Technological performance
铸造
锻造
焊接
热处理
切削加工
指金属材料在各种加工过程中所表现出来的性能
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晶体结构 Crystal structure
晶体内部的原子按一定几何形状作有规则的重复排列 The atoms inside the crystal are arranged regularly and repeatedly according to a certain geometric shape
非晶体:原子排列无规则的固体solid,如松香、玻璃
晶格 Crystal lattice
抽象的、用于描述原子在晶体中规则排列方式的空间几何图形 An abstract spatial geometric figure used to describe the regular arrangement of atoms in a crystal
常见类型 Common type
体心立方晶格 Body-centered cubic lattice
面心立方晶格 Face-centered cubic lattice
密排六方晶格 Close-packed hexagonal lattice
晶胞 unit cell
组成晶格的最基本的几何单元体 The most basic geometric unit that makes up a lattice
单晶体 Single crystal
单晶体:各向异性
晶体内部晶格位向(即原子排列方向) 完全一致的晶体 A crystal in which the lattice position (that is, the direction of the arrangement of atoms) within the crystal is exactly the same
多晶体 Polycrystalline
多晶体:各向同性
晶粒 Grain crystal
晶格位向基本相同的小晶体外形不规则,且呈颗粒状, 称“晶粒”
晶界 Grain boundary
多晶体材料中相邻晶粒的界面称为“晶界” The interface between adjacent grains in a polycrystalline material is called "grain boundary"
晶体缺陷 Crystal defect
点缺陷 Point defect
线缺陷 Line defect
面缺陷 Surface defect
合金 alloy
指由两种或两种以上的金属元素(或金属与非金属元素) 组成的, 具有金属特性的新物质 Alloy refers to a new substance with metallic characteristics composed of two or more metallic elements (or metallic and non-metallic elements)
相
在纯金属或合金中,具有相同的化学成分、晶体结构和相同物理性能的组分称为“相” In pure metals or alloys, the components with the same chemical composition, crystal structure and the same physical properties are called "phases".
相结构 Phase structure
固溶体 Solid solution
合金在固态下,组元间能相互溶解而形成的均匀相 In the solid state of the alloy, the components can dissolve each other to form a uniform phase
置换固溶体 Replacement solid solution
间隙固溶体 Interstitial solid solution
金属化合物 Metal compound
指合金组元间发生相互作用而形成的具有金属特性的一种新相, 一般可用分子式表示 Refers to a new phase with metallic characteristics formed by the interaction between alloy components, which can generally be expressed by a molecular formula
金属材料的表面处理 Surface treatment of metal materials
目的:提高零件使用性能和寿命 Purpose: Improve the performance and life of parts
常用的表面处理方法 Common surface treatment methods
表面强化 Surface strengthening
改变表层组织结构 Change the surface organization structure 淬火 Quenching
表面防腐 Surface corrosion
化学处理,在金属表面形成化合物保护膜; 电化学处理,用电极电位低的金属,安装在被保护的金属上,或用导线与被保护的金属相连; 覆盖金属表面
Chemical treatment: forming a compound protective film on the metal surface Electrochemical treatment: use metal with low electrode potential, install it on the protected metal, or use a wire to connect to the protected metal Cover the metal surface
表面装饰 Surface decoration
美术装饰漆膜、表面抛光、表面着色、光亮装饰镀 Fine art decorative paint film, surface polishing, surface coloring, bright decorative plating 同样使金属表面美观 Also make the metal surface beautiful
合金结晶 Alloy crystallization
匀晶相图 Homogeneous phase diagram
共晶相图 Eutectic phase diagram
铁碳合金相图 Iron-Carbon Alloy Phase Diagram
金属结晶 Metal crystals
纯金属或合金由液态转变为固态晶体的过程 The process of transforming pure metals or alloys from liquid to solid crystals
过冷曲线和过冷度 Undercooling curve and degree of undercooling
结晶过程
金属结晶后,其晶粒大小对金属材料的力学性能有很大影响。一般,晶粒越细小, 金属的强度、塑性和韧性越高 After the metal is crystallized, its grain size has a great influence on the mechanical properties of the metal material. Generally, the finer the grains, the higher the strength, plasticity and toughness of the metal
细化晶粒提高金属力学性能 Refine grains and improve metal mechanical properties
增大过冷度 Increase the degree of subcooling
变质处理 Deterioration
附加振动 Additional vibration
金属的结晶过程主要受过冷度和难熔杂质的影响, 而过冷度的大小取决于结晶时冷却速度的快慢 The crystallization process of metals is mainly affected by the degree of undercooling and refractory impurities, and the degree of undercooling depends on the cooling rate during crystallization.