考研英语语法（上）——基础部分

超多例句，超多标注，一看就懂，一学就会，搞定长难句！参考书目：华研外语2021考研英语语法与长难句。

考研英语语法(上)

• 5中基本句型
  • 主系表
    • 主语
      • 主语、谓语为必需成分
      • 系动词
        • 也是谓语
        • 表语
    • Truth
      • is
        • the daughter of time.
    • My advice
      • is
        • to speak the truth.
  • 主谓
    • 主语
      • 谓语
        • 不及物
    • Every minute
      • counts.
    • The sun
      • rises.
  • 主谓宾
    • 主语
      • 谓语
        • 宾语
    • He
      • enjoys
        • reading.
    • The statistics
      • misrepresent
        • the reality.
  • 主谓双宾
    • 主语
      • 谓语
        • 授予类动词
        • 间接宾语
          • 直接宾语
    • Please
      • pass
        • me
          • the dictionary.
    • The mother
      • dinied
        • her son
          • nothing.
  • 主谓宾补
    • 主语
      • 谓语
        • 宾语
          • 宾语补足语
    • All work and no play
      • makes
        • Jack
          • a dull boy.
    • We
      • elected
        • him
          • our spokesman.
• 句子成分
  • 主语
    • 语法特征
      • 一般在句子开头，是句子的“陈述对象”
    • 充当主语的成分
      • 名词
        • Short skirts are in fashion now.
      • 代词
        • I have received your letter.
      • 不定式
        • To know oneself is difficult.
      • 动名词
        • Doing is better than saying.
      • 名词词组
        • Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.
      • 从句
        • What we need is a good rest.
    • 形式主语与真正主语
      • 主语为不定式短语动名词短语或从句，可将主语放在句尾，用it代替主语原来的位置，it就是形式主语。
      • 例句
        • It's sensible to build and protect your personal financial security.
        • It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.
        • It is surely a good sign that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere.
  • 谓语
    • 语法特征
      • 由动词充当，是句子的核心
      • 形态受主语限制，要与主语的人称和数保持一致
    • 谓语动词人称和数的变化
      • 主语是第三人称单数
        • 谓语用第三人称单数
      • The tactic
        • never really works.
      • Among the elderly, being somewhat overweight
        • 动名词短语认作三单
        • is often an indicater of good health.
    • 谓语动词的时态
      • 时间/状态
        • 一般体
          • 进行体
            • 完成体
              • 完成进行体
      • 现在时
        • do/does
          • am/is/are doing
            • has/have done
              • has/have been doing
      • 过去时
        • did
          • was/were doing
            • had done
              • had been doing
      • 将来时
        • will/shall do
          • will/shall be doing
            • will/shall have done
              • will/shall have been doing
      • 例句
        • 一般现在时
          • Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality.
        • 一般过去时
          • A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners.
        • 一般将来时
          • Money will do some of the work， but what's needed most is will.
        • 现在进行时
          • The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning.
        • 现在完成进行时
          • New technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will.
    • 谓语动词的语态
      • 主动语态
        • 语法特征
          • 主语是动作的执行者
        • 例句
          • The report advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.
          • Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites.
      • 被动语态
        • 语法特征
          • 主语是动作的承受者
          • be/get+及物动词的过去分词
        • 例句
          • Obesity is often defined in terms of body mass index，or BMI.
          • Employees in manufacturing firms and wholesalers are being replaced with computerized systems.
  • 表语
    • 充当表语的成分
      • 主
        • 系
          • 表
      • The matter
        • rests
          • a mystery.
            • 名词
      • What I want to say
        • is
          • this.
            • 代词
      • A good medicine
        • tastes
          • bitter.
            • 形容词
      • I
        • am
          • here.
            • 副词
      • The wheather
        • turned out
          • to be fine.
            • 不定式
      • His favorite sport
        • is
          • climbing the mountains.
            • 动名词
      • This dog
        • is
          • frightening.
      • The proof of the pudding
        • is
          • in the eating.
            • 介词短语
      • This
        • is
          • where our interest lies.
            • 从句
    • 与表语连用的系动词
      • 状态系动词
        • am, is, are, was, were
      • 表象系动词
        • seem, appear, look
      • 持续系动词
        • keep, remain, stay, rest, lie, stand
      • 感官系动词
        • feel, smell, sound, taste
      • 变化系动词
        • become, get, go, come, grow, turn, fall, run
      • 终止系动词
        • prove, turn out
  • 宾语
    • 语法特征
      • 表示动作作用的对象
      • 一般分为动词宾语和介词宾语
    • 充当宾语的成分
      • 名词
        • Mist clothed the hills.
      • 代词
        • They didn't promise him anything.
      • 名词化的形容词
        • Obesity can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severe obese.
      • 动名词
        • I enjoyed talking to you.
      • 不定式
        • They decided to close the border.
      • 介词短语
        • A rabbit ran out of under the table.
      • 从句
        • We hope that all would come well.
    • 间接宾语和直接宾语
      • 授予动词(表示“给予”“告知”“拒绝”等)要求接双宾语，直接宾语指所给予或告知的事物，间接宾语指接受或被告知事物的“人”。
      • Please show me your passport.
      • The arrangement saved lots of time for us.
      • On the bus he often gives his seat to an old person.
      • The conmmon-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS two billion dollars per year.
    • 形式宾语与真正宾语
      • 在主谓宾补这一基本句型中，宾语较长时，必须将宾语放在补语之后，用it代替宾语的原位置，it作为形式宾语。
      • I don′t think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.
      • I think it my honor to be invited to speak here.
      • We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.
      • Most universities found it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like.
  • 补语
    • 语法特征
      • 可分为主语补语和宾语补语，分别对主语和宾语起补充说明作用，表语可以认为是主语补语的一种。
      • He is handsome.
        • He
          • is
            • handsome.
      • Wealth makes many men selfish.
        • Wealth makes
          • many men
            • selfish.
    • 充当补语的成分
      • 名词
        • Her appeal was considered a failure.
          • 主补
        • They considered that a downright lie.
          • 宾补
            • That was considered a downright lie.
      • 形容词
        • You have grown thinner.
          • 主补
        • We found the boy honest.
          • 宾补
      • 分词
        • In my opinion, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
          • 主补
        • You'd better have that tooth pulled out.
          • 宾补
      • 不定式
        • That man has never been seen to smile.
          • 主补
        • Our teacher encourage us to air our views.
          • 宾补
            • We are encouraged to air our views.
      • 介词短语
        • The book is of great use.
          • 主补
        • I found everything in good condition.
          • 宾补
            • Everything was found in good condition.
      • 从句
        • His constant moan is that no one understands him.
          • 主补
        • His wife has made him what he is.
          • 宾补
      • 主谓宾补句型转化为被动语态时，英语转化为主语，宾语补足语相应转化为主语补足语。
    • 要点提示
      • 现在分词作补语，表示主动关系;过去分词作补语,表示被动关系。
        • Did you notice a policeman standing there?
        • I must get my hair cut.
      • 当感官动词、使役动词后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，动词不定式不带to。当使役动词和感官动词转变为被动语态时，不定式成了主语补语，这时to不能省略。
        • 感官动词
          • fell,see,hear,notice,watch,observe,listen to,look at等
        • 使役动词
          • let,have,make等
        • I have never seen that man smile.
          • That man has never been seen to smile.
        • The landlord made them work day and night.
          • They were made to work day and night by the landlord.
  • 定语
    • 语法特征
      • 修饰限定名词、代词
      • 单词作定语，置于前
      • 短语、从句作定语，置于后
    • 充当定语的成分
      • 名词
        • passenger train
      • 代词
        • his debt
      • 形容词
        • up-to-date equipment
      • 代词
        • a sleeping car
      • 不定式
        • Today wei have a tendency to label obesity a disgrace.
      • 分词
        • The ground was covered with fallen leaves.
      • 介词短语
        • Satisfation with material purchases wears off fairly quivkly.
      • 从句
        • These are the types of jobs that machines can do much better than human beings.
  • 状语
    • 语法特征
      • 修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句
      • 一般由副词、介词短语、分词（短语）、不定式或从句充当
    • 状语的功能
      • 时间状语
        • When we are threatened or sick, we make conditional promises.
      • 地点状语
        • The books lie on table in the library.
      • 原因状语
        • Customers believe in tipping because they think it makes econmic sense,
      • 目的状语
        • Spray the eara regularly to kill the bugs.
      • 结果状语
        • It rained heavily, causing severe flooding
      • 条件状语
        • If it is taken out of the context, the sentence is ambiguous.
      • 让步状语
        • Despite all her efforts to control it, her voice was shaking.
      • 方式状语
        • He smiled in an encouraging way.
      • 伴随状语
        • She said goodbye with tears in her eyes.
  • 同位语
    • 语法特征
      • 值同一位置、同一指向的两个句子成分，其中一个解释说明另一个
      • 同位语一般紧跟它解释说明的名词之后
      • 可用作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式、分词、从句等
    • 例
      • The theory was advanced by the great scientist Einstain.
      • Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seems a good idea.
      • We demanded a guarantee that no similar incident woud occur again.
      • The Internet affords anomity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.
  • 插入语
    • 语法特征
      • 插入表明态度、看法等解释性的词语
      • 可能是单词、短语或从句
      • 常用逗号、括号或破折号隔开
    • 例
      • That is the best, though not the cheapest, method of rebuilding the garage.
      • Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance.
      • The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists.
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• 注：例句中红色字体为语法形式上需要注意的地方，也就是容易记错、写错的地方。祝您学有所获！
• 粗体为间接宾语，下划线为直接宾语。