古罗马简介

一张思维导图带你快速了解古罗马！下图是包括古罗马的发展历史、古罗马的政治制度和文化条件以及古罗马在历史建筑等方面取得的成就等内容。如果感兴趣的话，就仔细看看下图吧！

Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome

• The Historical Development of Ancient Rome
  • originated from some small villages（Italy）
  • Seven-Hill Ally
  • became a republic (509 BC)
  • Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus (27 BC)
  • the Pax romana lasted for two centuries
  • divided into East(the Byzantine Roman) and West (395 AD)
  • the West Rome ended (476 AD)
  • the East Rome collapsed(1453 AD)
• The Roman Social and Economic Conditions
  • Social Structure and Tendencies
    • Hierarchy--legal distinction between
      • the ruling class↔the ruled
      • the rich ↔the poor
      • aristocracy↔the ordinary people
      • the citizen↔the noncitizen
    • Disparities between city and countryside
    • Politics is a combination of democratic forms and oligarchic dominance
  • Family Life and Customs
    • Military service
    • Male-domination inherent
    • Name assigned way
      • males had three names
        • forename
        • middle name
        • last or family name
      • Roman Women
        • only have one name
    • Slave
      • physical labour
        • farming
        • mining
      • manual labour
        • bookkeeping
        • teaching
        • music-playing
        • housework
    • Leisure time
      • games
      • religious rituals
      • carefree conversation
  • Building of Houses and Towns
    • Every section of the city had its function
    • Water supply was at an advanced level of engineering
  • Roman Laws
    • Justinian Law code
• Roman Culture Achievements
  • Myths and Religion
    • Influenced by Greek culture and myth,the Etruscans and Greek migrants brought Greek myths in modified form
    • three important gods
      • Jupiter:a god of lighting → a chirf god like Zeus
      • Juno:→Hera
      • Minerva:→Athena in charge of arts, science and wisdom
  • Literature
    • Roman poetry
      • Virgil（70-19BC）
        • Aeneid
        • Eclogues
      • Horace（65-8BC）
        • Book of Satires
        • The Odes
          • compact pomes on universal subjrcts such as love, pleasure and the brevity of life
        • Epistles
      • Ovid(43BC-AD17)
        • works
          • The Metamorphoses
          • Philomon and Baucis
          • Ceyx and Halcyone
        • style--not just the expression of strong feeling but to amuse
    • Roman Drama
      • Titus Maccius Plautus(254-184BC)
        • The Boastful Armyman
        • A Pot of Gold
        • The Twin Brothers
      • Terence(195 or 185-159bc)
        • Style--clear,simple and finished
        • works
          • The Mother-in-law
          • Two Brothers
    • Prose writers
      • Gaius Julius Caesar(102-44BC)
        • Commentaries on the Gallic War
        • The Civil War
        • in unadorned straightforward and detached style
      • Cicero(106-43BC)
        • Works
          • speech
            • Brutus
            • Orator
          • ethical writings
            • On Friendship
            • On Old Age
          • rhetoric writings
            • an abstract of the Topica of Aristotle
            • a perface to lost translations of the speeches of Aeschiones and Demonthenes,On the Crown and De Optimo Genere Oratorum
  • History and Philosophy
    • important historians
      • Polybius--History
      • Livy--History of Rome
      • Tacitus--Histories, Annals
    • philosophers
      • Lucretius--On the Nature of Things
      • Seneca(Stoic scholar)
  • Roman Architecture and Art
    • Architecture
      • features
        • unusual use of the arch
        • innovation
      • reproduced
        • the channels of Rome
        • the Baths of Diocletian
        • the Baths of Caracalla
        • the Pantheon
        • Rome
        • the basilicas
        • the Colosseum
    • Art
      • Augustan Art was in a fusion of the prevailing Attic and Hellenistic models with Italian naturalism
      • Sculpture
        • Venus of Cyrene
        • Torso Valentini
        • Head of Hypnos
        • Boxer Resting
        • Maiden of Anzio
        • Discobolos of Castel Porziano
        • Discobolos ex-Lancelotti
        • Altar from Ostia
        • Head of Vespasian
    • featuring in clear-cut styles collectted and inherited from Greek cultural tradition