非谓语分词

分词作状语：现在分词强调主动与动作的正在进行，过去分词强调被动与动作的完成 ；表示情感心理的及物动词的分词可以修饰名词作前置定语。

非谓语——分词

• 分词的句法功能
  • 1、分词作状语
    • 现在分词强调主动与动作的正在进行，过去分词强调被动与动作的完成
      • 表示时间，相当于时间状语从句
        • eg.Surviving winter in these tents,the spiders emerge healthy and hungry.=When the spiders survive......
      • 表示原因，相当于原因状语从句
        • eg.Tired out,I decided to have a rest.=Because they were...
      • 表示条件，相当于条件状语从句
        • eg.Heated,water changed into steam.=If water is heated
      • 表示伴随状态，相当于and连接的并列句
        • eg.Hehung up the phone,satisfied.
      • 表示方式，通常在stand，go,come,sit后用现在分词
        • He stood leaning against the wall.
    • 做状语时，一般式（-ing）表示分词的动作和句子谓语动词的动作同时发生，完成式（having+过去分词）表示分词的动作在句子谓语动词的动作之前发生
      • eg.Having worked for a long time,I got very tired.
    • 谓语动词的动作紧接着现在分词的动作发生则用一般式
    • 过去分词无完成式或语态变化
  • 2、分词作定语
    • 表示情感心理的及物动词的分词可以修饰名词作前置定语
      • eg.She told me the exciting news.
    • 现在分词表正在进行的动作，注意分词与动名词作定语区别
      • 分词作定语sleeping baby=baby who is sleeping
      • 动名词作定语sleeping bag=the bag which is used for sleeping
    • 不定式分词作定语的区别
      • 表动作的完成
        • eg.The bridge built last year has connected two islands＝ the bridge which was built last years.
      • 表动作的正在进行
        • eg.The bridge being built will connect two islands＝ the bridge which is being built....
      • 表动作将要进行
        • eg.The bridge to be built next month will connect two islands.＝ the bridge which is to be built next month
      • 注意：having done/having been done不可以做定语
  • 3、分词作宾补
    • 感官动词 see,hear,listen to,watch,notice,observe,feel,find......
      • eg.I saw you go out(看见全过程）
      • eg.I saw the boys running（看见动作正在进行）
      • eg.I saw the door locked(看见动作被完成）
    • 使役动词have,keep,get,make,catch,set,leave......
      • eg.The teacher had him fetch some chalk.
      • eg.He had his hair cut yesterday.
• 分词的逻辑主语
  • 分词作状语的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致
    • eg.Entering the bedroom,he found a letter on his table.
• 其它
  • with/without引导非谓语动词
  • 分词的习惯用语
    • Judging from/by...(据...判断）
    • Generally/Strictly speaking,（总的/严格来说）
    • Considering......（鉴于......）
    • Talking of/Speaking of（说起.......）