导图社区 胚胎发育
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胚胎发育
组织学与胚胎学之胚胎发育知识总结，英文版的思维导图，还是非常详细的，有需要的同学可以看下哟。
编辑于2022-04-10 12:42:53- 胚胎发育
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development
gametogenesis
spermatogenesis
capacitation
acrosomal reaction
oogenesis
fertilization
phase 1
phase 2
phase 3
fusion of the cell membrane
female pronucleus
the nucleus of the amture ovum
male pronucleus
the head/nucleus of the sperm
zygote【受精卵】
first mitotic division
detemination of the chromosomal sex
zona pellucida
acrosin【顶体酶】
acrosomal reaction
zona reaction
corona radiata
hyaluronidase【透明质酸酶】
capacitation
prenatal period【38 weeks/266 days】
pre-embryonic period【胚前期】
first and second weeks after fertilization【受精】
1st week
cleavage【卵裂】
不是等时的，也不是均等的，不在原地分裂，而是从壶腹部迁移到子宫腔
after the formation of zygote；mitotic cell division
blastomeres【卵裂球】
the daughter cells as the result of cleavage
morula【桑葚胚】
第3天或者第72小时形成桑葚胚，一直被透明带包裹，细胞数目不定，细胞体积没有增大，在细胞团出现腔隙时透明带消失
3.days or 72 hours
blastocyst【胚泡】
blastocele【胚泡腔】
inner cell mass【内细胞团】
embryoblast
form the embryo proper【胚体】
outer cell mass【trophoblast，滋养层】
form the placenta【胎盘】
zona pellucida begin to disintegrate
implantation【植入】
blastocyst embeds into the endometrium【子宫内膜】
endometrium：secretory phase
增生期：卵泡期分泌期：黄体期
trophoblast
syncytiotrophoblasts【合体滋养层】
分隔细胞滋养层和子宫内膜
erode【侵蚀】into endometrium
cytotrophoblast【细胞滋养层】
carry nutrients for inner cell mass
lacunae【filled with mother‘s blood】 and primary villi ——placental tissues
第二周时，子宫内膜的螺旋动脉为胚泡供血，即第二周时建立母体和胚胎之间的营养联系
embryoblast——embryo
epiblast
hypoblast
amniotic cavity【羊膜腔】
site：anterior or posterior wall of the body of the uterus
bagin at 1st week【day 6】，complete at 2nd week
abnormal
前置胎盘【placenta previa】
lower segment；internal os or cervix
ectopic pregnancy【异位妊娠】
outside the uterine cavity
2nd week
blastocyst divelopment
early differentiation of blastocele and inner cell mass
completion of implantation
rapid growth and differentation of the extraembryonic tissue【trophoblast】
decidual reaction of the endometrium
子宫内膜的蜕膜变
2 embryonic layers
epiblast【上胚层】
columnar cells
hypolast【下胚层】
cuboidal cells
bilaminar embryonic disk
two cavities
amnionic cavity【羊膜腔】
yolk sac【卵黄囊】
胚外体腔【exocoelomic cavity】——primitive yolk sac
2 layers of trophoblast
cytotrophoblast【细胞滋养层】
syncytiotrophoblast【合体滋养层】
胚外体腔膜【exocoelomic（Heuser's）membrane】
位于滋养层的细胞滋养层和胚外体腔【卵黄囊】之间
embryonic pole【胚极】
inner cell mass connect with the trophoblast at one pole；the situation of future embryo
embryonic period【胚期】
third to the eighth weeks after fertilization
fetal period【胎期】
ninth week after fertilzation till birth
term【分娩期】
39th to 40th week of gestation【怀孕】
summary
1st week
fertilization，cleavage，morula，early blastocyst，blastocyst，begin implantion，inner cell mass
completion of second meiotic division of the secondary oocyte
female pronucleus+male pronucleus——zygote
cleavage——blastoceres
morula——enter uterine cavity
blastocyst：embryoblast，trophoblast，blastocele
zona pellucida disintergrates
early implantation
2nd week
amniotic cavity，bilaminar disc，lacunae appera in syncytiotrophoblast，primary yolk sac，cytotrophoblast，amnion，closing plug，primary yolk sac，maternal blood，eroded gland，lacunar network，embryonic disc，extraembryonic mesoderm，coelom，primary villi，connective stalk，amnion，embryonic disc，prechordal plate
具体概念
预产期计算
起始时间为末次月经，当月经周期为28天时计算才准确
卵泡期对应子宫内膜的增生期
妊娠黄体不退化，故怀孕时没有月经来潮
8th week ends，the emryo shows primordial anthropomorphosis【初具人形】
精子的运动能力由附睾赋予，受精能力由女性生殖道赋予
fertilization【受精】：form zygote【受精卵】；occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube【输卵管壶腹部受精】
modification of the sperm【before it can fertilize the ova】
capacitation【获能】
occurs in female reproductive tract；remove the glycoprotein coat and seminal proteins from the acrosome‘s membrane so that acrosome can produce enzyme which allows the sperm to penetrate the corona radiata
acrosomal reaction【顶体反应】
sperm binds to zona pellucida and after that enzyme are produced to allow sperm to pass through zona pellucida
zona reaction【透明带反应】
prevent polyspermy
lysosomal enzymes from secondary oocytes
general embryology
gametogenesis【配子形成】
fertilizatin【受精】
cleavage【卵裂】
morula【桑葚胚】
blastocyst【胚泡】
implantation【植入】
early development of embryo
fetal membrane and placenta【胎膜和胎盘】
2 to 8 weeks
fertilized ovum【受精卵】
process of formation and development of specialized generative cells or germ cells
spermatozoa【精子】
spermatogenesis【精子发生】
spermatogonia——spermatozoa【sperms】
spermiogenesis【精子形成】
the maturation of spermatozoa
spermatogonia
spermatogonia type A
spermatogonia type B
primary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes
spermatids
spermatozoon
head
acrosome
middle piece
tail
nucleus
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
microtubules
oogenesis【卵子形成】：ova【卵子】
prenatal period
primordial germ cells——primary oocyte/primordial follicle
before birth
postnatal period
the maturation of follicles
puberty
after ovulation
after fertilization，mature oocyte forms
first meiotic division【第一次减数分裂】：before birth，till prophase I，complees when puberty
second meiotic division【第二次减数分裂】：starts before or at ovulation，till metaphase II，completes when fertilization occurs
oogonia【卵原细胞】
primary oocytes
seconary oocyte and first polar body
follicular cells【卵泡细胞】
theca granulosa【卵泡膜颗粒细胞】
zona pellucida【透明带】；thhecainterna and externa【卵泡膜内膜和外膜】
primordial follicle
primary follicle
secondary follicle
tertiary follicle【Graafian follicle】
only half the number of chromosomes——haploid【单倍体】
meiosis【减数分裂】：only in the gametes，number of chromosomes reduces to half
mitosis【有丝分裂】：somatic cells；cleavage【卵裂】；genetically identical to the parent cell
karyokinesis【核分裂】：nucleus
cytokinesis【质分裂】：cytoplasm