导图社区 考研语法加长难句分析
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考研语法加长难句分析
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编辑于2019-10-25 08:15:53- 相似推荐
- 大纲
中心主题
简单句
什么是英语句子
句子的分类
句子时态
句子的成分
谓语
谓语
一句话当中有且只能有一个有时态的实义动词/无实义的系动词的存在，并且充当谓语
谓语只能是动词，动词只能作谓语
把句子中不是谓语的动词变为不是动词
不定式
表目的或将来
V+ing
表主动或进行
V+ed
表被动或完成
非 谓语动词
能作句子中任何成分除了谓语
一句话动词能不能多
不能，一句话只能有一个动词，多余的只能变成非 谓语动词
一句话谓语能不能少
不能
独立主格
I loving you（独立主格），you love you
我爱你，你爱我
根本原因，一个句子只能有一个谓语动词存在
如果冬天来了，春天就不远了。 Winter approaching, spring will be around the corner.
状语
I being a teacher，I enjoy singing song
being a teacher，I enjoy singing song
两个句子相同主语，独立主格可以省略主语=状语
当句子没有动词而需要动词的时候，加be动词，be动词没有含义
主语
充当主语
名词
Beauty and kindness are my nature
my nature is beauty and kindness
非谓语结构
Being beautiful and kind is my nature
代词
从句
that I am beautiful and kind is my nature
It is my nature that I am beautiful and kind
解决无主语办法
it
天气、温度用it代替主语
there be
被动
把主动变被动
人称代词作主语可为被动
没有被动的情况
动词后面有介词的时候没有被动
人称代词
万不得已才用
If there seems a dream, glories are supposed to be attained.
If there exists a dream, glories canont have failed to be achieved .
如果有梦想，就应该会成功
宾语
充当宾语
代词
名词
非谓语结构
宾语从句
表语
充当表语
名词
I am a teacher
代词
su gan mao is me
表语从句
非谓语动词
形容词
I am so handsome
介词短语
I am in Beijing
考点分析
写作
复杂句---简单句
所有写不出来的单词都可以替换成自己会的词汇，反正老师也不知道我表达什么意思，哈哈真好啊
长难句分析
找动词即谓语--找到主谓宾
1.谓语前没有引导词即为主句谓语
2.词汇解释
3.只翻译主干
动词
动词成分
动词分类
1.系动词
is seem look
2.助动词
助动词就是帮助谓语构成时态、否定、疑问或被动的单词，有时还用于帮助加强语气。
I am a teacher.
I have taught English for years.
时态
I am going to be a lawyer.
时态
I donot do much sports recently.
否定
②I am going to be a lawyer.
时态
③I do not do much sports recently.
否定
④Do you like college life?
疑问
⑤I was encouraged by a new dream.
被动
⑥He did know that.
强调
3.情态动词
表明说话人主观态度
表示推测（现在/将来） 情态动词+动词原形
Old fish must be wealthy.
肯定
Old fish cannot be wealthy.
否定
must have done 一定做过某事
Old fish must have been self abased in his university.
need have done 本没必要做但是做了
You neednot have shown your love in this way.
could have done 本能够做某事但没做（表示遗憾）
I could have become a good poet.
should have done 本应该做某事但没有做
They should have got married if they had a chance.
4.实意动词
不及物
look at me
及物
watch TV
副词
修饰所有成分除了不能修饰名词
状语
形容词
定语
表语
虚拟语气
一般用法
表示与事实相反的或虚假的、难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气。表示主观愿望、建议或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。
(1)对现在和将来的虚拟(例①)
主句用would + do;从句用一般过去时。
(2)对过去的虚拟(例②)
主句用could + have done;从句用过去完成时。
If you are a tear in my eyes, I will never shed it.
If I was a dog, I could sleep with you.
把已经写好的句子的时态变成它的过去时。
If were a tear in my eyes, I would never shed it.
现在/将来虚拟
If I had been a dog last night, I could have slept beside you.
过去虚拟
需要注意的是:第一，虚拟语气中，所有be动词的过去式通常是were,没有was;第二，would=could=might.
②如果每个大学生都沉溺于网络，他们将不能顺利毕业。
If every university student indulges in surfing on the Internet, it will be hard for them to graduate smoothly. (不虚拟)
If every university student were indulged in surfing on the Internet, it would be hard for them to graduate smoothly. (虚拟)
③如果当初我听了妈妈的话，我早已有一个灿烂的未来了。
IfI followed my mother at the beginning, I could have a brilliant future. (不虚拟)
IfI had followed my mother at the beginning, I could have had a brilliant future. (虚拟)
if引导的条件状语从句
特殊用法
(1)以下情况，从句用"should +动词原形"表示虚拟，并且should可以省略。
以防: in case that, for fear that, lest 等。
贱(建议) : suggest, advise, propose 等。
命: order, direct, command等。
要求: ask, request, require, demand 等。
My boyfriend asked me that I should lose my weight as quickly as possible.
①我的男朋友要求我尽快减肥。
用虚拟
是必要/紧急的: It is ncessary/important/urgent that..
It is necessary that universities should take urgent steps to attach importance to the issue of mental health of university students.
②大学采取紧急措施关注大学生心理问题是非常必要的。
(2)以下情况从句用过去式表示虚拟，常见的有两个:
would rather和It is high time that..
I would rather you were happier than I（were）.
①我宁愿你比我幸福。
It is high time that we poured attention into the issue and took necessary actions.
❷是我们关注这个问题并且采取必要行动的时候了。
It is high time that steps should be adopted to cope with（解决) the issue 错
It is high time that steps were adopted to cope with the issue 对
(3)以下情况要区别对待，常见的词有:
区别对待的意思就是，把它本来的时态往后推成它的过去式，这种情况特别像if的虚拟语气。
wish, if only (如....该多好啊)，but for (要不是)，or/otherwise (否则)，as if/as though (好像)等。
I wish I will be your angel and protect you. (不虚拟)
I wish I would be your angel and protect you. (虚拟)
①我希望以后能做你的天使保护你。
When I was young, he treated me as ifI was his own son. (不虚拟)
When I was young, he treated me as ifI had been his own son. (虚拟)
②当我还是一个小孩子的时候，他待我像亲生儿子一样。
长难句分析
不存在，无论句子虚拟，还是不虚拟都可以直接翻译。
并列句
连接句子
逗号不能连接两个句子，逗号前后只能是一个句子
错
成为并列句
加并列连词
I love you,but you love that dog
I love you but you love that dog
七种形式
加介词短语逻辑关系词
I love you.Conversely you love that dog
七种形式
加副词逻辑关系词
I love you,and conversely you love that dog
七种形式
七种形式
变从句
Although I love you,you love that dog
状语
改变动词，(省略主语)
独立主格
I loving you,you love that dog
七种形式
非谓语（变状语）
Loving my dog,I love you
状语
七种形式
用连词连接两个分句，要么都是主句，要么都是从句，切不可是主句从句
这两个句子已经完整，不能再用but，althouh连接
常见逻辑关系词
连词
1.平行:and,notonly..also
2.转折: but, yet, while, whereas
3.顺承/递进: then
4.因果:for;so
5.选择: or
介词短语、副词
平行: similarly equally likewise at the same time
转折: however nevertheless on the contrary conversely（但是）unfortunately unexpectedly by cpntrast（ 相对而言）
顺承/递进: besides furthermore moreover additionally in addtion （此外而且）subsequently
因果: thus therefore as a result consequently
选择: alternatively
并列句在写作中的使用
写作中只要上下句中有逻辑关系，就要用逻辑关系词（连词，副词，介词短语）连接
Romance has evaporated,by contrast she still keeps the past in mind 错
Romance has evaporated.By contrast she still keeps the past in mind 对
Romance has evaporated,and by contrast she still keeps the past in mind 对
Romance has evaporated,but she still keeps the past in mind 对
Romance has evaporated but she still keeps the past in mind 对
有朋自远方来，不亦说乎
并列句
长难句分析
有并列句的出现。通常会有省略，补充省略成分再翻译
省略在连词后
一 找谓语
二 找连词
(1)一句话只要有省略就一定会省略到并列连词的后面，
(2)所以并列连词后面有的成分并列连词前面通常都要有(有些成分不一定有）
如果连词后只有一个成分，连词前一定能找到对应的成分
如果连词后有多个成分，连词前不一定都有对应成分
但是一定能找到一个对应成分
(3)并列连词前面有，而并列连词后没有的成分便是省略的内容。
①Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and （ this requires ）hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.
主语+谓语
目前(不用复杂地翻译成在现代情况下)，这需要中央控制的各种措施，所以，这也需要(省略的内容)诸如经济学家和运筹学家等科学家的帮助。
②The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, （ are more likely to be ）sought out as friends, and （ are more likely to be ）pursued romantically.
谓语+to be
例如，数据表明，长相较好的人，更容易得到父母的宠爱，更容易交到朋友，更容易被他人追求(也可以翻译成被异性追求)。
❸There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or （refers）to the research technique appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
谓语
方法论指的是一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是适用于各个历史研究分支的研究技术，并没有一致的观点。
④Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems （ will continue to be rejected.）
谓语+宾语（非谓语结构）
5.There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and（There will be） cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
主语+谓语
[参考翻译]会有机器人主持的电视聊天节目，也会有带有污染监测器的汽车，当汽车排污超标的时候，这些监测器会使汽车不能工作。
6.Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes for pictures or music was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellct, and more probably （be injurious）to the moral character.
谓语+表语
[参考翻译]达尔文认为，对绘画或音乐失去兴趣不但使他失去了快乐，而且可能对他的智力造成损害，更可能对他的道德品质产生影响。
7.Questions seem mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research （not related to immediate goals but （related ）of possible consequence in the future）（定语后置）.
seem 系动词 done表语
[参考翻译]这些问题似乎主要通过支持- -定 数量的研究而得到有效的解决，这些研究(定. 语后置)和直接目标没有关系，但是和将来产生的结果有关系。
8.As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and （ information）will be trustworthy and reliable（is cut off）.
省略 谓语、主语
[词汇解析] extended family指“大家庭”; the informal flow of information指“非正式的 信息流”(小道消息) ; trustworthy 和reliable是同义词，指“令人信服的”和“可信的”。 l参考翻译]随着家人搬离他们稳定的社区，他们多年的朋友，他们的大家庭关系，这种 非正式的信息流就被切断了，和这种非正式的信息流一起，当需要时就能得到的这些可靠 的和令人信服的信息的信心，也一起被切断了。
考点
写作
多用逻辑关系词
完型
逻辑关系词
平行
转折
递进
因果
选择
只需要看前后两句话意思就可以了
分析长难句
七种形式
名词性从句
名词
主语
the movie looks attactive
宾语
I appreciate his mother
表语
Gump is a man
同位语
只要在作文中见到名词，都可以在它后面再加一个名词，，作为他的同位语出现
I enjoy the part,the end
teanwork,a chinese conventional virtue,plays a crucial role on the road to glories
子主题
名词性从句
从句
引导词加主语+谓语
名词性从句分类;名词在句子中能充当什么成分从句也能充当什么成分
what I saw is attractive
主语
I appreciate what she said
宾语
Gump is who should learn from
表语
I enjoy the part that a feather is flying in the sky
同位语
引导词
名词性引导词是按从句类型分类，一共把引导词分三类
that：从句是陈述句，that没有含义，也没有充当成分
that he has got divorced is my fault
whether：从句是一般疑问句，whether不充当成分，含义可以翻译成是否
whether he has got divorced is obvious
所有的特殊疑问词when/who/how long：从句是特殊疑问句，都充当了本来具有的成分
who he will marry is a secret
英语中所有的从句都是陈述句的形式：引导词+主语+谓语
句子不能充当主语，从句才能
句型
陈述句
不用回答
一般疑问句
用yes/no回答
特殊疑问句
不能用YES/NO 回答，要有具体内容
可数名词不能单独使用
why they left hometown for Tibet keeps a mystery 错
why they left the hometown for Tibet keeps a mystery 对
子主题
有一天，你会发现事业、友情、和亲情比爱情更重要
子主题
问题的关键是你什么时候有钱
子主题
女人总是对的这是个常识
在写作中的作用
主语从句
把主语从句放到句末去，加it作形式主语
It is common knowledge that confidence plays a key role in our sucess.
主语从句的满分句型可以写在任何一句话的前面，用来拉长句子
That confidence plays a key role in our sucess is common knowledge.
主语从句满分表达句型
显而易见，众所周知
it is obvious that
It looks beyond dispute that
it looks beyond dispute that thr issue about innovation has aroused universal attention 关于改革这个话题已经引起广泛关注了（topic小话题）（issue大话题）
It has been widely accepted that
It is universally acknowledged that
①It is common knowledge that... ...是一个常识。
③It is self-evident that.. ....是显而易见的。
④It has been found that...人们已经发现
⑤It is beyond dispute that... ...是毋庸置疑的。
⑥It is universally acknowledged that...普遍认为/众所周知
⑦It has been widely accepted that..普遍认为/众所周知
⑧It is generally agreed that... 普遍认为/众所周知
我认为/这是我的观点
it keeps my argument/perspective/outlook that
②It is my belief tht... = I think that...我认为
It is my belief that pollution has become increasingly serious.
i thingk that
长难句分析
1)如何识别主语从句
引导词放在句首
从句没有被逗号隔开
主语从句(从句首开始到主句谓语结束）
②Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or （省略）vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
or表示前后选择关系（并列句可以推测前后分句意思)
[参考翻译]政府应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学的投人，还是以牺牲纯科学为代价增加对技术的投人，这取决于哪一个被看成是驱动力的问题。
①That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.
板块正在移动是毋庙置疑的。
③How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability, and appropriateness of the information used（定语） and（depends ） on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
it指代information
[参考翻译]这些预言能够被以后的行为在多大程度上证实取决于所使用的信息的数量、可靠性和适合性，并且还取决于信息被解释的技巧和智慧。
④It is generally agreed that a person of high inelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily,make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.
[参考翻译]普遍认为，-个高智商的人是这样一个人:他能够轻易地理解他人的思想，能够做出辨别，能够进行逻辑推理，并且还能使用文字和数学符号来解决问题。
❺For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats,yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.
[参考翻译]比如说，长期以来众所周知，完全剥夺睡眠对老鼠来说是绝对致命的，但是通过检查这些尸体，这些动物看起来完全正常。
从句被逗号隔开
状语从句
When you feel sad, still keep smiling because you never know who will love your smile.
it.....that通常是主语从句
从that开始一定到句末结束
2 )如何识别宾语从句
实义动词后有引导词（状语从句也有可能哟）
①She said (that) she would marry an old rich man.
她说她会嫁给一个有钱的老人。
②I wonder if I can pass the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination smoothly.
我不知道自己能否顺利通过研究生人学考试。
③This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in. A fact underlined by statistics shows that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
[参考翻译]这一-点就表明了，电视行业不是一 个容易生存的行业。由数据支持的事实表明，在欧洲80个电视网络中，至少一半在1989年亏损。
out...of 在...之中/在....之外
④He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.
[参考翻译 ]他相信， 就是这个困难可能具有 补偿性的优点:这能使他长时间专注思考每一个句子，所以也能够使他发现推理和观察中的错误。
⑤You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法) and deduction (演绎法), that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.
[参考翻译]你听说过这些事情被重复吧: 科学家通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作，通过 这些操作的帮助，他们成功地从自然中抽出了一些自然法则，并且在这些自然法则之中，通过他们自己的一些特殊技能，他们建立起来了自己的理论。
3 )如何识别表语从句
系动词后面有引导词
①A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.
[参考翻译]去美国的游客不断带回的报告是:大部分的美国人对他们是多么地友好、客气并且乐于助人。
②Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turm the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around theEarth.
[参考翻译]伽利略最伟大的成就是，1609年，他是第一一个用新发明的望远镜观测天空 从而证明了行星是绕着太阳而不是绕着地球转的(定语全部提前翻译)人。
4 )如何识别同位语从句
[参考翻译]沃尔夫对语言和思维的关系感兴趣，他有了一种想法，那就是语言的结构 决定了社会中习惯性的思维方式。
如果同位语从句比较简单，翻译在名词(短语)的前面;如果比较复杂，则采取后置的方法，用“那就是”“即”或连接名词(短语)和从句。
①Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
[参考翻译]一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德解释了他革命性的理论，那就是，梦是我们无意 识的欲望和恐惧伪装后的影子（反映）。
②A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.
[参考翻译]一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德解释了他革命性的理论，那就是，梦是我们无意 识的欲望和恐惧伪装后的影子。
③But the idea that the joumalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
[参考翻译]记者必须比普通市民更深刻地理解法律的这种想法取决于对既定风俗的理 解和新闻媒体特殊的职责。
④Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
[参考翻译]具体的说话声音能够被六个月大的婴儿识别，这种证据已经出现了。
5）如何区别一般过去式谓语动词和过去分词
区分该单词与前面名词的关系
主动关系--谓语
被动关系---过去分词做定语
同位语从句
同位语从句既可以紧跟名词后面，也可放到句末
The matter that he manages to find a girlfriend makes us delighted.
matter（正经事情）affair（风花雪月的事情）
Nothing can hide the truth that he is getting old.
The truth demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled by their superiors
满分表达
The evidence/truth that.. manifests/indicates/suggests that..
翻译成汉语就是: ....这个事实表明了....
定语
什么是定语
、、、的+名词
定语的成分
形容词
The innocent nightingale died.
The nightingale (brave and innocent(naive) died.
形容词性物主代词
my his your
名词（所有格）of/·s
The bridge is combination of Arts and Beauty
The n's singing can make the rose bloom.
The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.
介词短语
The nightingale out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.
非 谓语动词
The singing nightingale lost his life.
The to sing nightingale lost his life.
从句
There exist abundant cases which can be used to clarify my point. Nevertheless, thefollowing one sounds most favorable.
There remain an ocean of cases which can clarify my argument .In contrast,thefollowing one is most favorable
There remain an ocean of cases clarifying my argument .In contrast,thefollowing one is most favorable.
定语的位置
前小后大：当一个单词修饰名词，通常放在名词前，当多个单词修饰名词，通常放在名词后
当过去分词修饰名词，即使只有一个单词，通常也要放在名词后
the rose discarded'（被抛弃）looks red
this proves a fiction about a nightgale and a rose
介词短语
The youngster grasping romance was declined.
非谓语
定语从句
引导词分类1(先行词）
人
who、whom、whose（that不做任何成分)
物
that、which、whose
时间
that which when
地点
that which where
原因
that which why
that是代词，充当主语、宾语、表语，通常which=that
I will never forget the day that we spent
when副词充当状语
I will never forget the day when i met you
why副词
you had better have no reason why you are late
引导词分类2（词性）
代词
在从句中一定要充当主语或宾语成分
who（主语、宾语） whom（宾语） that which
the gift( that the price sent to me)=(sent by the price) never fails to fascinate me
缺宾语
副词
在从句中不能充当任何主干成分（主谓宾表）
why where when
the senior citizen passed away on the day when her son arrival
形容词
在从句中修饰离它最近的名词
whose
the rose that/which the nightgale exchanged with his his life was dumped
缺宾语
选择引导词步骤
1.识别先行词类别根据引导词分类1限定范围
2.检查从句是否缺少主干成分根据引导词分类2选择最终答案
范围
从名词开始到主句谓语之前结束
定语从名词(短语)后开始，一般到主句的谓语动词(词组)之前结束，但是如果主句 的谓语动词(词组)在定语前面出现的话，定语通常到句末结束，并且大定语里通常有很多小定语，每一个小定语到下一个名词处结束，翻译时从最后一一个定语往前翻译。
从名词后开始到句末结束
①Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances(定语1） in science（定语2） being to some extent self- accelerating.（定语3） 每一个小定语都是到下一个名词后结束
[参考翻译]一些原因完全是社会需要的合理结果。另些则是在某种程度上自我加速 的(定语c)科学上的(定语b)特殊进步的(定语c)合理结果。
如果定语后有连词，到连词之前结束
[参考翻译]是使用测试，其他种类的信息，还是在一种特殊条件下，使用两者，这取 决于关于相对有效性的(定语b)来自于经验的(定语a)证据，并且还取决于诸如成本和可 得到性(定语前置)这些因素。
⑧(定语位置例外的题目) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or（to use) both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. whether......or..
一个大定语通常会有许多小定语，小定语到下一个名词后结束，固定搭配除外
⑦(定语位置例外的题目)After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northerm Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. allow sb to do sth
[参考翻译]经过了6个月的争论和最后16个小时议会的激烈辩论之后，澳大利亚的北 领地变成了世界上(定语前置)第-个合法政府，这个政府(定语后置)允许医生结束那些 无法治愈而自已又想死的病人的生命。
定语从句的特殊用法
1.先行词和引导词之间有介词
人只能用whom不能用who
old fish is a man from whom we should learn
old fish is a man who/whom we should learn from
物只能用which不能用that
I will never forget the day on which I met you
I will never forget the day when I met you
2.that做宾语，可省;
见到两个名词连在一起，通常是省略了that的定语从句
I enjoy the movie（that） Zhao Wei directed.
3.区别the sam... as; the same..that
He is the same man as I love;
像
He is the same man that I love.
是
4.区别限制和非限制性定语从句
在分析长难句的时候，非限制定语从句相当于插入语，可以不看，非限制从句的信息不能作为答案
I love liu, who is gorgerous.
Ilove liu who is gorgerous.
I love watermelons, which are round.
I love watermelons which are round.
我喜欢刘，她很漂亮（漂不漂亮都喜欢）。我喜欢漂亮的刘（不漂亮不喜欢）
5.which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰整句话，as也可以，但是as既可以放在句首也可以放在句末，which只能放在句末
Respecting senior citizens keeps a chinese conventional virtue which(as) has been known for years
定语从句至难点寻找先行词（读懂句子）
离从句最近的名词
①When someone abandons you, he is the one who should get loss because for him, he loses someone who loves him but for you, you lose someone who does not love you.
. [参考翻译]当有人抛弃你的时候，是他应该感到很失落。因为他失去了一个爱他的人, 而你只是失去了一个不爱你的人。
离从句最近的几个名词（三个并列成分
②For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.
[参考翻译]对于工人来说，它可能意味着作为-一个忠实员工的安全、利益和责任感的结束。
先行词是它前面的一个从句
③The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
[参考翻译]希腊人认为语言的结构和思维的过程有关系，这种观点早在人们意识到语 言的多样性之前就在欧洲扎根了。
先行词是它前面的一个句子
④My husband enjoy talking with other young ladies, which really gets me go mad.
[参考翻译]我老公喜欢和其他年轻的女人聊天，这真的要使我发疯了。
被其他成分隔开
⑤As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive- there exists no (language or dialect ）in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.
[参考翻译]作为一-名语言学家，他认为各种各样的人类语言，包括像黑人英语这样的 非标准语言，都具有强大的表达能力一世 上就没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。
考点
把中文短句翻译成英文长句，把英文长句翻译成中文短句
从句/非谓语
Those sparing no efforts to realize their dreams will never feel regretful even if they fail finally, which is quite significant.
曾经全力以赴去实现梦想的人即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这很重要。
Those who have spared no efforts to realize their dreams/make their dreams come true will fail to feel pitiful although/even though they never succed,which is of great significance
Those who fail to concentrate in class but hope to pass the examination by their own endeavors after class often fnd that they just get half the result with twice the effort.
课堂上不集中精力，希望通过自己的课下努力来通过考试的学生，常常会事倍功半。
those failing to concentrate in class but wishing to pass the examination by their own endeavors after class often find that is less impressive
A multitude of teenagers and youngsters enjoy playing football used to cultivate the teamwork of kids.
The most cherished mental wealth in our life includes confidence,smile and elegance which can make us happy
写作中使用
只要在作文中见到名词都可以给它一个定语拉长
Keeping pets can reduce loneliness.
Keeping pets which look so cute and lovely can reduce loneliness of some old citizens and children who stay at home alone.
Pursuing stars blindly will waste time.
Pursuing stars looking so handsome or beautiful blindly will waste time of young men who should spend more time and energy on their studies.
长难句分析
识别定语从句
名词后面的成分
定语
The young man knowing love superially makes the innocent bird believe him.
谓语
The young man must feel very sad.
插入语
The young man, I think, will never love that girl.
状语
The nightingale believed the man when she heard his words.
同位语
定语从句与同位语从句的区别
①I had a dream that is definitely sweet.
②I had a dream that I will become a rich lady someday.
不同点:
定语从句that要么充当主语/宾语，同位语从句不充当成分
定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，同位语从句是对前面名词的解释。
最后一个区别，虽然不科学，但是也可以作为参考。那就是定语从句的引导词有
定语从句引导词很多，同位语从句的引导词大部分都是that (因为同位语从句大部分都是陈述句)。
定语从句的先行词可以是任何名词，同位语从句的先行词只能是可以解释的名词一抽象名词。
相同点
构成相同，都是“先行词+引导词+分句”。
定语如何翻译
定语前置
如果定语成分比较短且简单，就翻译到所修饰名词的前面;
定语后置
如果定语成分比较长且复杂，就采取拆开翻译后置的方法，这时只需要重复先行词或使用相应的代词替代就可以了。
②“In short," a leader of the new school contends, “the scientifc revolution, as we call it（插入语）, was largely （the improvement and invention and use ）of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."
这种结构就是所谓的自由间接引语。learned在此是”听说“的意思。 They learned that because of the Great Lakes, Canada has more fresh water than any other country in the world. 间接引语。主句为引述分句，引语为从句。说话人强调主句即”听说“这个动作，为主要信息。 Because of the Great Lakes，they learned，Canada has more fresh water than any other country in the world. 自由间接引语。引语作了主句，引述分句以插入语的形式出现。说话人强调引语（主句）。引述分句附带说明，为次要信息。 引述分句还可以放在句末： Because of the Great Lakes, Canada has more fresh water than any other country in the world, they learned.
[参考翻译] “简而言之， ”新学派的一个领袖认为， “科学革命很大程度上是- -系列 工具的(定语前置)提高、发明和使用，而这些工具(定语后置)在无数个方向上扩大了科学所到达的范围。
③In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.
[参考翻译]在欧洲，和其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功了，这些集团(重复先行词定语后置方法)整合了工作上彼此联系的(此处定语比较简单， 采取了前置的方法)电视台、广播台、报社、杂志社和出版社。
④Creating a“European identity" that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
[参考翻译]创造一个欧洲特色，这个特色(定语后置)尊重不同的文化和传统(定语 后置)，这些文化和传统(定语后置)又构成了旧大陆相互联系的纽带(定语后置)，这绝非易事，需要一个战略性的选择。
⑤Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
[难句精讲]本句主干为Pearson has pieced together the work.定语a到researchers处结束， 修饰the work,定语b到world处结束，修饰researchers,定语c到dates处结束，为that 引 导的定语从句，修饰calendar,定语d到place结束，为when引导的定语从句，修饰dates。 to produce.... calender 为目的状语。 [词汇解析]首先piece together译为“拼凑，组合，结合，整合”都行; millennium是 当年的超纲单词，译为“千年”; latest dates此处翻译成“最迟的日期”
[参考翻译]皮尔森收集了全世界成百上千位研究者的(定语前置)工作成果，生产出 了一个独一无二的千年技术日历，这个日历(定语后置)给出了最迟的日期，届时(定语后置) 我们就能期待成百上千的重大突破和重大发现。
⑧(定语位置例外的题目) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or（to use) both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability. whether......or..
[参考翻译]是使用测试，其他种类的信息，还是在一种特殊条件下，使用两者，这取 决于关于相对有效性的(定语b)来自于经验的(定语a)证据，并且还取决于诸如成本和可 得到性(定语前置)这些因素。
⑦(定语位置例外的题目)After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northerm Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. allow sb to do sth
[参考翻译]经过了6个月的争论和最后16个小时议会的激烈辩论之后，澳大利亚的北 领地变成了世界上(定语前置)第-个合法政府，这个政府(定语后置)允许医生结束那些 无法治愈而自已又想死的病人的生命。
状语
什么是状语
在一一个句子中，用来修饰实义动词(词组)、形容词(短语)、、 副词或整个句子的成分，
状语除了不能修饰名词，什么成分都能修饰
①He smiles sweetly.副词sweetly修饰实义动词smile。
②He looks pretty sweet.副词pretty修饰形容词sweet。
③He smiles especially sweetly. 副词especially修饰副词sweetly。
④Luckily, he passed the examination.副词Luckily修饰整个句子。
成分
adv
使用时机及用法
修饰形容词:置于前方修饰动词:置于前方修饰副词:置于前方修饰介词短语:置于前方使用enough修饰形容词或其他副词时，置于后方频率副词:行为动词前，使役动词、助动词或be动词之后副词排序:先地点再时间.某些副词有两种形式: - 种与形容词同形，以y结尾，字义不同
副词的比较级和最高级
同级副词的比较-as+原级+as比较级副词的比较副词比较级-than最高级副词的比较-同形容词用法但不加the副词的比较级与最高级规则变化-同形容词副词的比较级与最高级不规则变化同形容词
介词短语
He runs like a crazy dog.
非谓语
She leaves crying.
从句
形容词
定语
表语
修饰名词
状语位置
随便放
状语从句
分类：由从属连词意思决定
时间状语从句
时态问题
when Romance comes，I will hold his hands
①When love comes, I will hold her hands.②When love came, I failed to hold her hands.①证明了在所有的状语从句中，如果主句和从句的动作都尚未发生的话,主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。(主将从现）
②则证明了除了①的特殊用法外，句子该用什么时态就用什么时态，没有特殊用法。
3)区分until 和not... until
①I will wait here until you come.②I will not leave until you come.[分析]其实not..until并没有翻译成否定的意思。它们的区别在于主句的谓语动词，如果主句的谓语动词是短暂性(瞬时）动词就用not.. until,如果是延续性动词，就用until。
直到我有了自己的女儿，我才意识到母亲的伟大。I did not realize the greatness of mothers until I had my own daughter.[分析] realize 是短暂性动词，所以主句中用not。
when引导的时间状语从句（只有when可以)如果主句与从句主语一致，并且从句的谓语有be的话，此时从句的主语和be动词可以省略
when （I was）a kid,I enjoyed his songs.
when taking a shower,I was calling sb
when、while、as（当...的时候）、after、since、until、not、、、untilas soon as=the monment（一...就...）、by the time（截止...）
当while翻译成 当、、、时候，从句必须用进行时态（现在、过去、将来）
重要
地点状语从句
where
做地点状语通常是介词短语而不是从句
the tree grows (well)healthily in wet places(where it is wet)
原因状语从句
because、since、as（因为）、now that（既然）、seeing that（因为）
因为（引导词）
=because he was careless,he had a car accident.
因为（连词）
for不能放在句首，只能放在句中，因为for是连词，并列关系（因果）
因为（介词短语），不能跟句子，只能名词（短语）
重要
结果状语从句
such + n./n.词组 + that（太...所以）so + adj./adv. + that（太...所以）so that（所以，相当于so）
子主题
重要
目的状语从句
引导词
so that + 情态动词（为了...）in order that（为了...）
表目的不定式
+动词原形
farther（现实的远）further（抽象的远）
We ascend(climb) higher in order that we overlook farther
条件状语从句
if、unless（除非）、as/so long as（只要）、once（一旦）
子主题
子主题
重要
让步状语从句
明让步，暗转折，表示"尽管 / 虽然...但是..."
although、though、even though、even if、while、as
while表达虽然尽管的时候，只能放在句首，不能放在句中
as引导的从句，表语可放在句首构成部分倒装
as he looks young,he keeps/becomes knowledgable
young as he looks,he is knowledgable
重要
比较状语从句
than、as...as（和...相比较）
are am都为be动词可省略（I am是一个句子）
you are more beautiful than I （am）
方式状语从句
as（按照...方式，像...一样，正如）、as if（似乎，好像）
引导词
似乎好像
were虚拟语气
介词及短语
以、、方式
子主题
考点分析
写作中的作用
作文中任何一句话旁边都可以加一个状语成分把句子拉长
I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan.
方法一[ 加个副词(短语) ] : I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan diligently.
方法二(加个时间):I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan at the moment.
方法三(加个地点) : I am reading the book witten by Liu Xiaoyan either on the playground or in the street.
方法四( 加个原因) : I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan because it is so interesting and attractive.
方法五(加个让步) : Although I don't want to take part in any examination, I am reading the book written by Liu Xiaoyan.
长难句分析
分析长难句的关键是会识别状语，并且能通顺地把它翻译出来。
识别:记住一-句话中能够见到下面的东西，- -般都是状语:副词(短语)、时间、地点、
方式、目的、条件、原因、结果、比较。根据位置也可以判断，状语位置虽然很灵活，但是
通常放在句首或句末。只要见到主语前面有- -部分，那-部分通常都是状语。
翻译方法: -般的状语都是直接翻译，但是通常把表示时间、原因、方式、目的、条件
的状语放在句首翻译，或放在主谓之间翻译。如果原因状语比较复杂，也可以放在句末翻译
为:之.所...是..为....
名词后跟着时间或地点---定语/状语
2.区别when引导的是定语从句还是状语从句。
I was singing when she came in.
当她进来的时候，我正在唱歌。
when 当....时候 状语从句
I still remember that day when you promised you would love me forever.
when 当时，届时 定语从句
我仍然记得那天，当时你承诺会爱我一辈子。
1.区别既像定语又像状语的情况
定语优先原则
比如: I love a boy in the kindergarten.
如果是定语就译为:我爱上了一个幼儿园的小男生。
如果是状语就译为:在幼儿园，我爱上了一个小男生。
①The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe（地点状语） long before people realized how diverse（various/a variety of） languages could be(时间状语从句）. long before 早在....之前
(参考翻译]希腊人认为语言的结构和思维的过程有关系，这种观点早在人们认识到语 言的多样性之前，就已经在欧洲扎根了。
②Social science is that branch /of intellectual enquiry /which seeks to study（try to do) humans and their endeavors(努力--行为） /in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner /that natural scientists use for the study /of natural phenomena.
[参考翻译]社会科学是知识研究的一个分支，这个分支(后置)试图以同样理性的、 有序的、系统的和冷静的方式来研究人类和人类的行为(状语翻译时提前)，自然科学家也 是用这种方式来研究自然现象的(定语较长，仍然后置)。
③The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 并列句能推测分句前后意思
[参考翻译] (由于原因状语较长，所以直接翻译成“之所...... )行为科 学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是一些解释能直接被观察到，部分原因是其他种类的解释很难被发现。
④Traditionally, legal learming has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.
[难句精讲]找状语:副词traditionally是状语; in such institutions 是地点状语。主句的 谓语是has been viewed as,所以主干为主谓宾结构。 [词汇解析] institution指“机构，学院”; preserve 千万别翻译成“保护”，法律的学 习是律师所特有的，它当名词讲时翻译成“独占的领域”或“活动范围” [参考翻译]传统上讲，在这些学院中(状语前置)法律的学习被认为是律师所特有的 活动，而不是受教育的人的知识储备的必要部分。
⑤While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.
[难句精讲]找状语: While 引导的让步状语从句;在让步状语从句中还有-个小状语: in our contact with them (young men)。主句的谓语动词是is,本句整体上是主系表结构。 [词汇解析]disposition有点生僻，译为“性情，性格”，它的动词形式我们很熟 悉，即dispose, 指“处理，解决”，disposable 作形容词，译为“一次性的”，比如说: disposable chopsticks“一次性筷子”;主句中的as in dealing with adults译为“ 在和成年人接 触的时候”
[参考翻译]虽然在和年轻人接触的时候(状语前置)很容易忽略我们的行为对他们性 情的影响，但是在和成年人相处的时候(状语前置)，我们却很难忽略这种影响。
分词作状语
子主题
子主题
子主题
子主题
子主题
as
1. as+名词
此时的as是介词，as 后跟名词(短语)时，一般翻译为“作为”。
①As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.
[参考翻译]作为这种发展的合理结果，不同的期刊都主要针对专业的或业余的读者。
2.动词(词组)+名词(短语)+as
此时的as仍然是介词，它的意思取决于前面动词(词组)的意思。一定注意动词(词组) 和as中间应该有名词(短语)。当发现没有名词( 短语)的时候，可能名词(短语)被放到 其他地方去了。常见的动词词组有: regard... as.视为.. view... as（认为）.... define.. ...as（定义）. classify.. as..归类为.等。
①I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. elect....as 选择....作为
[参考翻译]我要把他定义成一个人，这个人选择以苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题作为 他生命中主要的职责和乐趣。
②Tylor defined culture as ...that complex whole（n 整体） which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
[参考翻译]泰勒把文化定义成....一个复杂的整体，它(定语后置)包括了作为社 会一员的人所获得的信念、艺术、道德、法律、传统和其他的任何能力和习惯”
3. as引导定语从句
这个在定语部分已经讲过，as可以引导修饰整个句子的定语从句，which 也可以，但which只能放在句末，as 则可前可后。
As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions,and conventions underlies all social interrelationships（相互关系）.
[参考翻译 ]就如同在任何发达国家一 样，在美国， -个由文化信号、设想和传统构成的复杂体组成了所有社会关系的基础。
4. as引导状语从句
③New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have（arise） in the past（方式状语）, giving rise to new standards of elegance（伴随状语）.
[词汇解析] subject作名词，指“学科，主题，主观”，作动词构成搭配: subject A to B“使A服从于B，使A遭受B”; give riseto指 “产生，导致”; elegance 作名词，指“优雅”。
[参考翻译]就像过去那样，将来新的思维方式和新的思维主题一定会出现，从而出现新的关于优雅的标准。
than
not so much as = not even
甚至不/没有
He cannot so much as spell a word.
He did not so much as ask me to sit down.
not so much A as B
与其说A倒不如说B
He is not so much a teacher as a poet.
more A than B与其说B不如说A
3) He is more a poet than a teacher.
more than...
A.后加n
非常
B.后加形容词
非常
C.后加数词
多余
总结
分析长难句步骤
1找主句谓语动词
2找连词
3找定语
4找状语
代词指代成分
就近原则
一致原则
语法一致
意思一致
英语的特殊结构
强调句型
1.构成: It is.. that/who ...
that可以指人，也可以指物，但是who只能指人
强调句型只是一个框架，必须遵守其他句子的时态，过去时态用was,其他时态都用is
强调句型不能强调句子的谓语。
我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人。
I met my old flame in the street yesterday.
①It was I that met my old flame in the street yesterday.
①就是我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人。
②It was yesterday that I met my old flame in the street.
②就是昨天我在街上遇到了我的旧情人。
区分强调句型和主语从句
把It is.. that...去掉，如果读起来句子仍然正确的话，就是强调句;如果读起来句子意思不对，就是主语从句
It is obvious that one should make friends with those who can make you become aggressive and optimistic.
Obvious one should make friends with those who can make you become aggressive and optimistic. 不对---主语从句
(2)长难句分析
去掉It s.... that....还原为句子本来的样子后再翻译。
①But it is the arrival of new satellite channels- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions- -that will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.
[参考翻译]但是，从长期来看，新的卫星频道的到来一 部分资金来源于广告，部分资金来源于用户的订金一将 会带来最大的变化。
②Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
[词汇解析] at the mercy of译为“受....的支配”; do one's bidding译为“听从某人”。
[参考翻译]或许就是人类长期遭受洪水和干旱的恐惧使得人类如此痴迷于支配水，使其听从调遣。
倒装
把陈述句边一般疑问句=把/加助动词（do have）或be动词放在句首
(1)否定词放在句首用倒装。
never、seldom、little、few、scarcely、rarely、by no means
①1 have nover been to other coamties exep Japan.
[例装为] Never bave I been to other countries excopi Jpan.
②She sldom uakes a shower in winter.
[制装为1 Sldom dos she take a sower in winte
③The public can fill to pour atention into the ss of plutiao under∞crcumstances.
I倒装为] Unskr no cramsanes can the puble fill to pour atenien int the bsue of olution.
④Repecting parents not only keeps a Chinese taditional virtue but also proves the duty of their ofspring
(2) so (表肯定), nor/neither( 表否定)位于句首，表明承前句子的肯定或否定时用倒装。
①My husband can speak Japanese. I can speak Japanese, too.
[倒装为] My husband can speak Japanese, so can I.
②America is a democratic nation. Canada is a democratic nation, too.
[倒装为] America is a democratic nation, so is Canada.
③I can not dance well. My daughter can not dance either.
[倒装为] I can not dance well, neither/nor can my daughter.
④The eldest son was not hospitable to his father. And the other three sons did not say a word of welcome either.
[倒装为] The eldest son was not hospitable to his father, neither/nor did the other three sons.
(3)含有so... that...结构的句子将so引导的部分位于句首时用倒装。
①He was so excited that he cannot help laughing at midnight.
[倒装为] So excited was he that he cannot help laughing at midnight.
②He is having class so forcefully that everyone present was convinced.
[倒装为] So forcefully is he having class that everyone present was convinced.
③She looks so gorgeous that she can catch the eyes of everyone.
[倒装为] So gorgeous does she look that she can catch the eyes of everyone.
(4) only引出的 状语 位于句首时用倒装。
①His girlfriend called his name only once.
[倒装为] Only once did his girlfriend call his name.
②My dearest mother always lives only in my deep heart.
[倒装为] Only in my deep heart does my dearest mother always live.
③You will call your mother only when you need living expenses.
[倒装为] Only when you need living expenses will you call your mother.
(5) as引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首构成部分倒装。
④The problem could be resolved only in this way.
[倒装为] Only in this way could the problem be resolved.
①As I look ugly, I am quite gentle.
[倒装为] Ugly as I look, I am quite gentle.
②As the drawing seems simple, the meaning behind it is far-reaching.
[倒装为] Simple as the drawing seems, the meaning behind it is far-reaching.
说明一下，as的倒装，只需要把表语提前，不需要把助动词提前。
(6)省略if的虚拟语气用倒装(具体参见“虚拟语气”部分)。
If every youngster were addicted to surfing on the internet,they would achieve nothing until to the end of their life.
Were every youngster addicted to surfing on the internet,they would achieve nothing until to the end of their life. 虚拟
考点分析
写作
长难句分析
阅读中看见强调/倒装，通常是正确答案的定位线索