语义学 222

这是一篇关于语义学的思维导图，主要内容有definition、some views concerning the study of meaning、lexical meaning、sense relations between sentences、Analysis of meaning。

Chapter 5 semantics

• definition
  • the study of meaning
  • different focus of interst
    • philosophers
      • The relations between linguistic expressions and what they refer to in the real world and in evaluating the truth value of linguistic expression
    • psychologists
      • the workings of the human mind through language
    • semantics
      • the meaning of words, phrase, and sentences
• some views concerning the study of meaning
  • The naming theory(Scholar Plato)
    • Words are just names or labels for things
    • Problems with the naming theory
      • The theory seems applicable to announce only(V/Adj/Adv×，think，hard，slowly)
      • There are nouns in denoting things that do not exist in the real world at all(ghost,dragon,unicorn,phoenix)
      • There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but obstract notions(sadness, joy,impluse)
      • Some words may have different meanings in different contexts(like 喜欢/像）
      • The same reference may have different names(morning star/evening star)
  • The conceptualist view(Ogden&Richards)
    • problem
      • what exactly is meant by "thinking a concept"
    • Thought/reference(fur, a tail)
  • Contextualism(J.R.Firth)
    • two kinds of context
      • situational context
      • linguistic conext
      • model
        • speakerA-language-speakerB
  • Behaviourism(Bloomfield)
    • situation in which the speaker utterers it and the response it calls forth in the hearer
    • model
      • A sees an apple→A says"I am thirsty"→B hears it→B picks an apple for A
• lexical meaning
  • sense&reference
    • sense:Inherent meaning of a linguistic form; the collection of all is feature; abstract and decontextualized(dictionary compliers)
    • reference:What a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world; the relationship between the linguistic elements and non-linguistic world of experience
  • Major sense relations
    • Synonym 同义词
      • Dialectal synonyms 方言同义词
        • eg
          • autumn fall
          • lift elevator
          • lorry truck
      • stylistic synonyms 文体同义词
        • eg
          • dad father
          • start begin commence
          • kid child offspring
          • kick the bucket /pop off /die/pass away
      • synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning 表情意义或评价意义相异的同义词
      • collocatiobal synonyms 搭配相异同义词
      • semantically different synonyms 语义相异的同义词
    • Polysemy 多义词
      • For example:table
        • a piece of furniture
        • all the people seated at a table
        • the food that is put on a table
        • a thin flat piece of stone,metal,wood,ect
        • orderly arrangement of facts, figures,etc
    • homonymy 同形异义
      • homophones 同音异义词
        • rain/regin
        • night/knight
        • piece/peace
        • leak/leek
      • homographs 同形异义词
        • bow v./ bow n.
        • tear v./tear n.
        • lead v./lead n.
      • complete homonyms 完全同音同形异义词
        • fast adj./fast v.
        • scale n./scale v.
    • hyponyms上下义关系
      • superordiate上义词
        • flower
      • hypnonyms下义词
        • rose tulip carnation lily
      • co-hypnonyms 共下义词
    • Antonymy 反义词
      • gradable antonyms 等级反义关系
        • hot and cold exist varying qualities of being neither hot nor cold
          • cool
          • warm
          • lukewarm
      • complementary antonyms 互补反义关系
        • alive or dead
        • male or female
      • relational opposites 关系反义
        • husband and wife
        • doctor and patient
        • buy and sell
        • let and rent
• sense relations between sentences
  • X is synonymous with Y同义
    • e.g. X: HE was a bachelor all his life Y:HE never married all his life
  • X is inconsistent with Y矛盾
    • e.g. X: John is married. Y: John is a bachelor
  • X entails Y
    • X
      • Y
        • e.g. X: John married a blond heiress. Y: John married a blond
  • X presupposes Y
    • Y
      • X
        • e.g. X: John's bike needs repairing Y: John has a bike
  • X is contradiction自相矛盾
    • e.g. my unmarried sister is married to a bachelor
  • X is semantically anomalous语用失误
    • e.g. The table has bad intentions.
• Analysis of meaning
  • analyze lexical meaning
    • Componential analysis
  • analyze sentence meaning
    • Prediction analysis
• referent(concrete objects in the word)
• symbol/form(dog)