English Grammar 8.noun

大学英语语法第8章名词相关知识总结，大部分都是全英，重要知识概念用汉语，方便专四专八以及教资考试。如果问题欢迎指出

8.noun

• • classification
    • construcuture
      • simple noun
        • or free morpheme
      • compound noun
      • derivative noun
    • meaning
      • proper noun
        • people name
          • order:Kevin Sun/John Christopher（约翰. 克里斯托夫）
          • formal:Mr.Smith(头衔+姓）
          • informal:Hi,Bill!（非正式问候+名）
          • famous people:Shakespeare(只称姓）
          • publications:Harmer，J.2000(姓+逗号+名缩写）
          • the Smiths
        • place name
          • the Rockies
          • Lake Superior/the Superior Lake
        • date
          • on Christmas(Day)
          • at Christmas/Eater
          • on Mondays(每逢周一）
      • common noun
        • indiviual noun
        • collective noun
          • single meaning
            • funiture/equipment/machinery...
          • plural meaning
            • police/cattle/colthes/people...
          • both
            • committee/audience/family/crew/team...
        • material noun
        • abstract noun
    • grammar function
      • count/countable noun
        • the plural form
          • penny:pennies(硬币）/pence(数目）
          • same form:aircraft/barrabcks/gallows/headquarters/reindeer
          • 's:i's/t's/and's/1980's
        • common features
          • have plural form and can be referred to by pronoun
          • can follow the articles:a/an
          • can be used with the fuzzy determiners:a few/several/many...
          • can follow the numerals or word/phrases meaning number
      • non-count/uncountable/mass noun
        • common fetures
          • single form/the single form of pronoun
          • can be qualified by much/little...
        • partitive/unit noun
          • form:a bundle of/a clump of/ an ear of/a blade of...
          • volume:a handful of/a pail of...
          • action/state:a fit of/a breath of/a dose of/a germ of/a pinch of/a shred of/a rumble of/a stroke of...
          • pairs/suits...: an army of/a batch of/a schllo of/a suite of
      • the transformation:all weathers/a beer/two coffees/waters/snows/much mouth/much family/summit talks/with light hearts/put on airs/ a man of lettersthe Commons/Lords/assets/brains(智者）/riches(财富）/heights(高地）/tidings（消息)/movables(动产）
  • used as attributives
    • usually: in the single form:summer holidays...
    • specially:in the plural form: the civil rights movement/customs office
    • hyphen: a ten-year-old girl/ the Tenth 5-Year Plan
  • suffix
  • gender
    • feminine
      • nun/niece/bitch/sow/mare/cow/spinster/goose/ewe/duck/vixen/usherette/heroine/widow
    • masculine
      • monk/nephew/pig/stallion/bull/bachelor/gander/ram/drake/fox/usher/hero/widower
    • neuter
    • common gender
      • can be referred to by "it"
      • ship/car/country/moon 阴性表示感情色彩
  • case
    • common case
    • genitive/possessive case
      • classification
        • independent genitive
          • 用于介词之后称为后置属格
        • double genitive
          • 带有后置属格的介词词组
          • 作介词补足成分的名词必须是特指且是人eg：a friend of my father's
          • 中心名词通常不能与the搭配
          • 中心名词有后置定语修饰可以与the搭配eg: the daughter of the doctor's whom you met yesterday
      • grammar meaning
        • 所有关系：Tom's book
        • 主谓关系：Mary's failure
        • 动宾关系：the crimianl's punishment
          • 可用of替换
        • 来源关系：John's shadow
        • 描述关系：teacher's book
          • 不能用of替换
        • 度量关系：an hour's walk
          • 不能用of替换
      • ‘s属格与of短语的比较
        • ’s通常用于人、高级动物、国家和交通工具eg:the ship's chimney of也可以与交通工具使用eg:the wings of the glider
        • 季节与‘s的用法eg:a winter's day/a winter day/a summer's day 但不怎么用spring 和autumn的属格除非拟人化
        • ’s经常用于一些短语中：for heaven's sake/at stone's throw//at arm's length
        • of短语通常用于同位结构中：the city of Shanghai
        • 属格的名词被后置定语修饰，一般会使用of:the advice of a couple I met at the party
        • of表示无生命的名词，指整体与部分的关系：one side of the coin/the bottom of the box
        • 为了避免连用‘s会用of进行调节：the first husband of my cousin's wife
        • 为避免歧义，’s表示主谓关系，of短语结构表示动宾关系：Mary's failure the defeat of the enemy