Geography, People and Language

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Geography, People and Language

• Geography
  • Geographical features(as a whole)
    • The British Isles =The Great Britain+Ireland
    • Britain(U.K.)=The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland=The Republic of Ireland+The United Kingdom
    • The United Kingdom=England+Scotland+Wales+Northern Ireland
  • Climate
    • maritime climate
      • Reason
        • Britain is an island country and the surrounding sea gives England a varied climate and it's difficult to predict.
      • Main Characteristics
        • Temperate, with warm summers, cool winters
        • plentiful precipitation throughout the year
      • Three principal features
        • winter fog
        • rainy days
        • instability/changeability
      • months
        • Spring: March-May
        • Summer: June-Augest
        • Autumn: Septempter-November
        • Winter: December-early March
      • Factors Influencing English Weather
        • the surrounding waters
        • the prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over
        • The North Atlantic Drift
  • Major cities
    • England——London
    • Scotland——Edinburgh
    • Wales——Cardiff
    • Northern Ireland——Belfast
• People
  • Population density and distribution
    • Overall population: about 66.57million(2021)
    • England: 53(m) first
    • Scotland: 5.2(m) second
    • Wales: 3.1(m) third
    • Northern Ireland: 1.8(m) fourth
    • White British——87.5%
    • White Irish——1.2%
    • White——5.3%
  • Origins of population
    • Majority: offspring of the Anglo-Saxons
    • Most people in Wales, Acotland and Ireland are descendants of the Celtic poeple, Indians, Greeks, New Zealanders, Australians, etc. as permanent residents.
    • A large number of immigrants from Afria and Asia.
• Language
  • 1. Old English (5th-1066AD)
    • Influenced by
      • Old Norse
        • spoken by Vikings, German and Dutch
      • Latin and Greek words
        • with the introduction of Christianity
      • Danish words
    • Making an impact on the English language at the very begining
      • Germanic—Everyday words
      • Christian—Religious words
      • Vikings—Action-man words
    • What kind of vocabulary was brought into English?
      • house, woman, martyr, bishop, font, ransack, thrust, die, give, take
    • mutually intelligible language among Angles, Saxons, and Jutes；a few Celtic words spoken by native Britons
    • Literature: Beowuf
  • 2. Middle English(11th-15th)
    • Status
      • French replaced English as the official language, and English became the language of lower class. eg: pig-pork, sheep-mutton, cattle-beef
    • development
      • English increased in importance after the Black Death
    • Literature: Geofery Chaucer
  • 3. Modern English(15th~)
    • The printing press-brought standardization of English
    • Samuel Johnson's dictionary-estabished a standard form of spelling
    • Renaissance-assimilated foreign words throughout the Renaissance
    • The Industrial Revolution-necessitated the introduction of new words for new things and ideas
    • The rise of the British Empire or the Commonwealth of Nations-led to the assimilation of words from many other languages
    • Literature: Shakespeare
  • 4. Standard English
    • printing press by William Caxton in 1476
    • Frist English dictionary by Samuel Johnson in 1755
• UK
  • Geographical location
    • an island country/located in the northwestern Europe
    • surrounded by North sea(east), Atlantic ocean(north), Irish sea(west and between Great Britain and Ireland), English Channel and Strait Dove(south)
    • It is one of the countries with longest coastline
  • Location
    • Latitudes 49°N and 61°N and longtitudes 8°W to 2°E
  • Territory
    • 244,820 square kilometers
  • Physiographical Features
    • the Highland Zone of the north and west
    • the Lowland Zone of the south and southeast
    • England: lowland terrain, mountainous terrain
    • Scotland:(Ben Nevis is the highest point in UK) lowlands(south and east) and highland(north and west)
    • Wales: mountainous
    • Northern Ireland:hilly
  • Rivers and Lakes
    • The longest river: Severn River (Wales)
    • The second longest river: Thames (England)
    • The largest Lake: Lough Neagh (Northern Ireland)
    • Most Important in Scotland: The Clyde River
  • Four Parts
    • England
      • a flatland country, also called Lowland zone
      • highly urbanized
      • physically largest with largest populations
      • Lake District: a scenis sopt in North West England, famous for its lakes and its mountains
    • Scotland
      • a mountainous country
      • The Hhighlands in the north
      • Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the UK
      • a country of castles
      • culture is best represented by their dress(kilt) and music(babpipes)
    • Wales
      • Smaller than Scotland or England, but larger than Northern Ireland
      • Everyone in Wales speaks English, but 20% of the people also speak Welsh.
      • an agriculture society until Industrial Revolution
      • a mining and manufacturing society
      • mostly rural, low hills, rugged coastline
    • Northern Ireland
• Family of languages
  • contains from top to bottom
  • Indo-European family
    • be made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India
    • classification: according to similarity and their geographical distribution, the surviving languages of Indo-European language family fall into 10 principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and Western set.
      • English belongs to Germanic.
  • Germanic group
  • West Germanic group