语言学导论

这是一篇关于语言学导论的思维导图，主要内容有The phonic medium of language、Phonetics、Phonlogy。

Chapter2 PHONOLOGY

• The phonic medium of language
  • 1. The limited range of songs which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.
  • 2. The individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds
  • 3. Sounds that convey meaning and have a role to play in human communication
• Phonetics
  • Definition
    • How speech sounds are produced,transmitted and received
    • Three branches of phonetics
      • Articulatory phonetics
      • Auditory phonetics
      • Acoustic phonetics
  • Organs of speech
    • Pharyngeal cavity(throat)
      • Voicing
        • Vibration of the vocal cords
      • Voicless
    • Oral cavity(mouth)
      • tongue
      • uvula
      • soft palate/velum
      • hard palate
      • teeth ridge/alveolus
      • teeth and lips
    • Nasal cavity(nose)
  • Orthographic representation of speech sounds
    • Broad transcriptions
      • The transcription with the letter-symbols only.
        • Spit--unaspirated
    • Narrow transcriptions
      • The transcription with letter-symbols together with diacritics.
        • Pit--aspirated
  • Classification of English speech sounds
    • Whether the air stream is obstructed in the vocal tract.
      • Vowels
        • The position of the tongue in the mouth
          • Front
            • /i:/ /ɪ/ /e/ /æ/ /a/
          • Central
            • /ɜː/ /ə/ /ʌ/
          • Back
            • /ɑː/ /u:/ /ʊ/ /ɔ:/ /ɒ/
        • The openness of the mouth
          • Open vowels
            • /æ/ /ɒ/ /ʌ/ /a/ /ɑː/
          • Semi-open vowels
            • /ə/ /ɔ:/
          • Semi-close vowels
            • /e/ /ɜː/
          • Close vowels
            • /i:/ /ɪ/ /u:/ /ʊ/
        • The shape of lips
          • Rounded
            • All the front vowels and the central vowels
          • Unrounded
            • All the back vowels,with the exception of /ɑː/
        • The length of the vowels
          • Tense
            • Long vowels
          • Lax
            • Short vowels
      • Consonants
        • Manner of articulation
          • Stops
            • /p/ /b/ t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
          • Fricatives
            • /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /θ/ /ð/ /h/
          • Affricates
            • /tʃ/ /dʒ/
          • Liquids
            • /l/ /r/
          • Nasals
            • /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
          • Glides
            • /w/ /j/
        • Place of articulation
          • Bilabial
            • /p/ /b/ /m/ /w/
          • Labiodental
            • /f/ /v/
          • Dental
            • /θ/ /ð/
          • Alveolar
            • /d/ /s/ /z/ /n/ /l/ /r/
          • Palatal
            • /ʃ/ /tʃ/ /dʒ/ /j/
          • Velar
            • /k/ /g/ /ŋ/
          • Glottal
            • /h/
• Phonlogy
  • Phonology and phonetics
    • Similarity :the speech sounds
    • Differences: approach and focus
      • • Phonetics studies the features of speech sounds
        • Phonology studies the patterns and systems of speech different situation
  • Phone,phoneme,and allophone
  • Phonemic contrast,complementary distribution,and minimal pair
  • Some rules in phnology