William Ether Synthesis
卤代烃an SN2 Reaction
用于合成醚
In ether synthesis, the less hindered group should be provided by the alkyl
halide.
The Hofmann Elimination Reaction（霍夫曼消去反应）
an E2 reaction
原理
The tertiary amine is attached to the α-carbon and the proton is removed from the adjacent carbon (β-carbon).
If there is more than one β-carbon, the major alkene product is the one obtained by removing a proton from the β-carbon bonded to the most hydrogens.
所以注意N上有三个甲基是不参与反应的，双键的形成是通过N旁边再旁边的C
The Diels–Alder Reaction（狄尔斯-阿尔徳反应）
Forms a Six-Membered Ring
a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction
The Suzuki and Heck Reactions
(palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions)
The Suzuki Reaction
通式
（couples the R group of a vinylic or aryl halide with the R’
group of an organoboron compound in a basic solution in the presence of
palladium catalyst (PdL2).）
The Heck reaction
通式
a vinylic or aryl halide with an alkene（The R group of the halide replaces a vinylic hydrogen）
Gabriel Synthesis of a Primary Amine（加百利合成）
Baeyer-Villiger oxidation（拜尔—-维立格反应）
Aldehydes and Ketones React
with Peroxyacids
The Wittig Reaction（威廷反应）
The HVZ Reaction
the HVZ reaction is used to replace the α-hydrogen of
a carboxylic acid with Br
A Claisen-Schmidt（克莱森-施密特） Condensation
the carbonyl compound with α-hydrogens is added slowly
to a solution of the carbonyl compound without α-hydrogens
and a base
Michael Reactions
when the nucleophile is an enolate ion
A Dieckmann(迪克曼） Condensation
an
intramolecular Claisen condensation.
Robinson Annulation（鲁宾逊成环）
羧基的还原
Clemmensen reduction: uses an acidic solution of zinc dissolved in mercury
Wolff-Kishner reduction: uses hydrazine (H2NNH2
) under basic conditions.
Friedel–Crafts Substitutions
Friedel–Crafts acylation
places an acyl group on a benzene ring.
An acyl chloride or an acid anhydride is the source of the acyl group.
A Lewis acid (AlCl3
) is required.
The Gatterman–Koch Reaction
uses a high-pressure mixture of CO and
HCl to generate formyl chloride and AlCl3
/CuCl catalyst for the acylation.
Friedel–Crafts alkylation
places an alkyl group on a benzene ring.
An alky halide is the source of the alkyl group.A Lewis acid (AlCl3
) is required.
Carbocation Rearrangement Leads to
an Undesired Product
Sandmeyer（桑德迈尔） Reactions
Schiemann（希曼） reaction
tetra-fluoro borane
fluoroboric acid (HBF4)
