英语修辞学

这是一个关于英语修辞学的思维导图，首先，对于中文学习者来说，了解和掌握英语修辞手法有助于提高英语阅读和写作能力，使语言表达更加丰富、生动和有力。其次，在跨文化交流中，了解不同文化背景下语言的表达方式和修辞习惯有助于减少误解和沟通障碍，促进文化交流和理解。此外，在教育、广告、媒体等领域中，英语修辞学的知识和技巧也可以帮助人们更好地传递信息、说服听众、表达观点。

修辞学

• phonetic figures of speech
  • alliteration
    • Speech is sliver, but silence is golden.
    • -The horrors I saw there. -But I dare not describe that dreadful sight.
  • onomatopoeia 拟声
    • cuckoo
    • bang
    • crash
    • zoom
    • murmur
    • giggling
  • pun
    • homonymy 同音同形异意词
      • ball n. 球，圆形物体 n. 舞会
      • bark n. 船 v.狗叫
    • homophone 同音异形
    • Homograph 同形异音异意
• syntactic figure of speech (1)
  • repetition
    • immediate repetition 紧接反复
      • very, very big
      • many, many people
      • The rain pours and pours.
    • intermittent repetition 间接反复
      • We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.
  • anaphora 首语反复
    • Light come, light go.
    • I want to know how long she's been there, I want to know what she's there at all for.
  • epiphora 尾语反复
    • Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.
  • symploce 尾首反复
    • This is the world's fight. This is civilization's fight.
  • anadiplosis 首尾反复 （顶针）
    • My words I know do well set forth my mind; my mind bemoans his sense of inward smart.
  • parallelism 平行结构
    • Oregon's bottle law has saved tapayer's money, conserved energy, and created jobs.
    • 作业：
      • Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them…
      • Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious,man and woman, --it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton )
  • antithesis 对照（结构相似，意义相反）
    • The world will little note nor long remember what say here; but it can never forget what they did here. (Abraham Lincoln)
    • 标志词/符号：but, and, or, ;, although; in the contrary, by comparison, more…less, not…but, al well as
    • 作业：
      • To err is human; to forgive divine
      • Deep rivers move in silence, shallow Brooks are noisy
      • Speech is silvern; silence is golden
• syntactic figure of speech (2)
  • climax 层进
    • What light is to the eyes, what air is to the lungs, what love is to the heart, liberty is to the soul of man.
    • Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon)
    • 作业
      • His acquaintances, his friends and even his family turned against him, the traitor.
      • We do not retreat. We are not content to stand still. As Americans, we go forward, in the services of our country, by the will of God.
      • Social position, friends, reputation, life itself, had no longer any attraction for him.
  • anticlimax 突降
    • , hand taken her wedding journey to Rome.
    • I have lost my beau(男朋友) and lipsticks
    • 作业
      • Simon is a great statesman, a great warriors, a great poet, and a skilled performed on the harp(竖琴).
      • One describes the glory of the English Queen And one describes a charming Indian screen.
      • The big fish eat the little ones, the little ones eat shrimps, and the shrimps are forced to eat mud.
• semantic figure of speech
  • simile
    • It has the comparison words such as "like", "as", or "as if", etc;
  • metaphor
    • 课文
      • Everyday concept: Theories (and argument) are buildings
        • literally language :
          • Is the foundation for your theory?
          • The theory needs more support.
          • We need some more facts or the argument will fall apart.
          • The argument collapsed.
          • They exploded his latest theory.
      • Everyday concept: Ideas are food.
        • literal language
          • What he said left a bad taste in my mouth.
          • All this paper has in it are raw facts, half baked ideas, and warmed-over theories.
          • There are too many facts here for me to digest them well.
          • That argument smells fishy.
          • This is the meaty part of the paper.
      • Everyday concept: Ideas are commodities
        • literal language
          • His ideas have finally come to fruition.
          • That idea died on the wine.
          • That's a building theory
          • It will take years for that idea to come to full flower.
          • Mathematics has many branches.
    • 作业
      • German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets.
      • Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of fire.
  • metonymy 转喻（名称的替换）
    • Body part as a name for the sense, behavior, ability 以器官代替其他功能
      • He has a good ear for listening.
      • He has a sharp tongue.
      • Give everyone thy ear, but few thy voice.
      • Her behavior when her husband was away caused the neighbors to raise their eyebrows.
    • Name of a person as a name for his/her works or style 以人名代替作品名
      • Will you play me some Chopin?
      • We are all the admireer's of LuXun.
      • Have you ever read Jack London?
      • Do you like Dickens?
    • 以显著特征代替其特征所有者
      • The thirteen colonies got together to fight the red lobsters.
      • Those big noses, blue eyes and yellow hair taught them English.
      • The silver heart left the office, swinging and banging itself independently against the office furniture as it indignant departed.
    • 以处所代替其发生的事件
    • 以容器代替其内容
    • 以商标或品牌代替其产品名
    • 以地理位置代替政府或机构组织
    • 作业：
      • A hundred bayonets (代指：士兵) were marching down street.
      • Downing street (代指：英国政府) announced last night that peace talks with the IRA had lead to a breakthrough.
      • Wall Street (代指：American) expects high earnings from industrial stocks.
      • The buses (代指：司机） in American are on strike now.
      • Sword and Cross in hand, the European conquerors feel upon the Americans.
      • When the war was over, he laid down the sword (war ) and took up the pen.
      • His purse (money) would not allow him that luxury.
  • synecdoche 提喻
    • 部分代整体
    • 整体代部分
    • 抽象代具体/具体代抽象
    • 以种代属/以属代种
    • 事物的原材料代替事物本身
    • 作业
      • The glory of the Lord will be revealed and all flesh （部分代整体，指人） shall see it together. （Martin Luther King）
      • She borrowed his wheel for a spin out to town.
      • Many eyes ( people ) turned to a tall, 20-year-old black girl on the U.S team.
      • His rich parents bought him a set of wheels ( car ).
      • The farms were short of hands (指： farmers) during the harvest season.
      • He had earn his daily bread （bread) by doing odd jobs.
      • Germany beat Argentina 2 to 1 in the exciting football match.
      • The poor creature (her) could no longer endure her sufferings
      • It was reported that China won the volleyball match.
      • All of a sudden, I saw a sail in the distance.
      • They share the same roof.
      • It is hard to earn a dollar ( money ) these days.
      • Many hands make light work.
  • personification
  • Transferred-Epithet
• logic figures of speech
  • hyperbole
  • irony