Human History

从Guns germs and steel中归纳的人类发展时间轴。人类历史指人类产生和发展的历史，随着科学技术的发展和古人类化石的发现，不断演化。分为史前史和文明史。

Human History

• 7 million
  • African apes
    • • modern gorillas
    • chimpanzee
      • modern chimps
    • pygmy chimpanzee
      • Human
• 4 million
  • substantially upright posture
• 2.5 million
  • Increase body size
  • Increase brain size
  • Protohuman
    • Homo habilis
    • Homo erectus
      • close in body size
      • half of human brains
    • Australopithecus africanus
  • Stone tools
    • crudest
    • battered stone
  • confined to Africa
• 1 million- 1.8 million
  • Homo erectus
    • first spread beyond Africa
      • discovered on Southeast Asian island of Java
        • Java Man
• Half million
  • Stems to Europe
    • single landmass theory
      • should be around 1 million
  • Homo erectus skeletons
    • enlarged
    • rounder
    • less angular
    • Homo Sapiens
      • still different from us grossly
        • skeletal details
        • brain size
        • artifacts and behavior
  • no humans areas
    • Australia
      • need boats
    • Americas
      • need to pass Siberia or need boats
• After Half million
  • Homo erectus skeletons
    • Africa
      • more similar to modern skeletons
      • hunting skills suck
        • easy-to-kill animals
        • can't catch fish
    • Western Eurasia
      • Homo neanderthealensis
        • brains are slightly larger than our own
    • East Asian
      • different from both Africans and Neanderthals
• 100000 years
  • modern-looking skulls from Africa
• 50000 years (Great Leap Forward)
  • Questions?
    • Cause
      • perfection of voice box
        • modern language
          • creativity
    • Geographic location
      • Take place primarily in one area
        • Molecuar finding supports leap occuring specifically in Africa
      • Take place parallelly
        • Supported by modern skulls in China and Indonesia
  • HIstory started to take off
    • East African
      • standardize stone tools
      • ostrich-shell jewelry
• 40000 years
  • southWestern Europe
    • Cro-Magnons(modern human)
      • abundant artifacts
        • cave painting
        • statues
        • musical instruments
      • modern skeletons
      • bone and stone tools with shaping
        • spear-thrower
        • bow & arrow
        • hunt dangerous prey
        • harpoons(鱼叉)
        • rope invetions
        • catch birds and fish
      • houses and sewn clothing
        • survive cold
      • carefully buried skeletons
        • spiritual developments
      • kill, infect, or displace the Neanderthals
• 35000 years
  • lslands lying to east of new Guinea were colonized
    • New Britain
    • New Ireland
    • Buka
    • capable of traveling over water
• 30000 years
  • from 40000 to 30000
    • Human presence in Australia/New Guinea
      • although in ice age, still needs to across 8 channels
        • need watercraft!
      • First use of watercraft
      • First extermination of large animal species
        • large mammals desappeared after the arrival of Human
          • Cause?
            • Killed by human
              • they didn't afraid of human and got killed
              • author supports this hypothesis
            • climate change
          • one-ton lizard
          • Gaint kangaroos
          • rhinolike marsupials
          • Gaint python
          • .....
• 20000 years
  • no father north than northern Germany untill 20000 year ago
  • expanded into Siberia
    • leads to extinction of Eurasia's woolly mammoth
• 12000 B.C (14000 years)
  • Americas were fisrt colonized
    • Found in Alaska
• 11000B.C (13000 years)
  • strong evidence of watercraft found
  • soon expended to Mexico、Amazon、Patagonia
    • profusion of sites found around Mexico
      • Clovis sites
    • eventually held about 10 million hunter -gatherers
• 8500-4000 B.C (10500-6000) years
  • mediteranean islands occupied by human
    • Crete
    • Cyprus
    • Corisa
    • Sardinia
• 4000 BC （6000 years）
  • Caribbean islands
• 1200 B.C-A.D1000
  • Polynesian islands
  • Micronesian islands
  • Madagascar(A.D300-800)
• Ninth century A.D
  • Iceland
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• Made by tomatoj