英国文学

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英国文学

• The Age of Romanticism
  • Historical Background
    • American revolution
    • French revolution
    • industrial revolution
  • Intellectual Background
    • Rousseau
      • 卢梭
      • Father of romanticism
      • Praises instincts emotion, nature
    • Edmund Burke
      • 埃德蒙 伯克
    • Thomas Paine
      • 托马斯 潘恩
      • Founding Fathers of the United States
  • Romanticism
    • a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism,which emphaized reason, order and elegant wit
    • romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tend to see individual as the very center of all life and experience
  • Characteristics of romanticism
    • Lake Poets
      • 湖畔派
      • William Wordsworth
        • nature, country,poor people, anti-industrialization
      • Samuel Coleridge
        • mysterious, dreamy, oriental, visionary
      • Southey
        • Poet Laureate,conservative old age, long life
    • Satanic school
      • 恶魔派
      • Gordon Gordon Byron
        • Byronic Hero
          • being a rebel
          • having a distaste for social institutions
          • being an exile
          • expressing a lack of respect for rank & privilege
          • having great talent
          • hiding an unsavoury past
          • being highly passionate
          • ultimately, being self-destructive
        • Don Juan
        • When We Two Parted
        • She Walks in Beauty
      • Percy Bysshe Shelley
        • Ode to the West Wind
        • Song to the Men of England
      • John Keats
        • On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
        • Ode to a Nightingale
        • To Autumn
        • Known as a sensusous poet
        • a voice through which beauty expresses itself
      • Jane Austen
        • Novels
          • Northanger Abbey
            • 诺桑觉寺
          • Sense and Sensibility
            • 理智与情感
          • Pride and Prejudice
          • Mansfield Park
            • 曼斯菲尔德花园
          • Emma
            • 爱玛
          • Persuasion
            • 劝告
• The Victorian Age
  • Critical realism
    • 批判现实主义
    • Critical Realism
      • Critical realism is the main trend in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of money upon human nature. Critical realists set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint of bourgeoisie reality. The major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lied in their perfection of the novels. They made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events, and the fate of individuals and of whole society.
    • Charles Dickens
      • 查尔斯 狄更斯
      • A Tale of Two Cities
      • Olive-Twist
        • 雾都孤儿
    • William Makepeace Thackeray
      • 萨克雷
      • Vanity Fair
        • 名利场(A novel without a hero)
    • The Bronte Sister
      • 勃朗特三姐妹
      • Charlotte Bronte
        • The Professor
          • 教授
        • Jane Eyre
          • 简爱
        • Shirley
          • 舍丽
        • Villette
          • 维莱特
      • Emily Bronte
        • Wuthering Heights
          • 呼啸山庄
      • Anne Bronte
        • Agnes Gray
          • 安格尼斯 格雷
        • The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall
          • 王尔德费尔庄园的佃户
    • George Eliot
      • 乔治 艾略特
    • Thomas Hardy
      • 托马斯 哈代
      • Tess of the D'Urbervilles
        • 苔丝
      • Jude the Obscure
        • 无名的裘德
      • Challenged the sensibilities of Victorian readers with situations that ruffled many a Victorian feather: immoral sex, murder, illegitimate children, and the unmarried living together
      • The Return of the Native
        • 还乡记
      • Under the Greenwood Tree
        • 绿阴下
      • Far From the Madding Crowd
        • 远离尘嚣
  • Naturalism
    • 自然主义
    • The naturalists went beyond the realists' insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life and insisted that materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministice universe in which a personis biological creature controlled by his environment and heredity. The naturalistic writing are more serious and pessimistic.
  • Poetry
    • Lord Alfred Tennyson
      • Break, break, break
      • Ulysses
        • 尤里西斯
      • In Memoriam A. H. H.
        • 悼念
    • Robert Browning
      • My Last Duchess
        • 我的前公爵夫人
      • Meeting at Night
        • 深夜幽会
      • Parting at Morning
• The Twentieth Century
  • Imagism
    • 意象主义
    • A movement in early 20th century Anglo-American poetry that favored free verse and the expression of ideas and emotions through clear precise images
  • Expressionism
    • 表现主义
    • A modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moodser ideas.
  • Dadaism
    • 达达主义
    • An art movement of the Europe in the early 20th century. It was a reaction to World War I. The Dada movement expressed nonsense, irrationality.
  • Stream of consciousness
    • 意识流
    • In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind.
  • Existentialism
    • Existentialism philosopher took the human subject—— not merely the thinking subject ,but the acting, feeling, living human individual and his or her conditions of existene—— as a starting point for philosophical though.
    • Existentialism philosopher took the human subject—— not merely the thinking subject ,but the acting, feeling, living human individual and his or her conditions of existene—— as a starting point for philosophical though.
  • William Golding
    • Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983
    • Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1988
    • Work
      • Lord of the Filies
        • 蝇王
      • The Inheritors
        • 继承者
      • Pincher Martin
        • 品彻 马丁
  • T.S. Eliot
    • The Waste Land
      • 荒原
    • The Hollow man
      • 透明人
    • Ash Wednesday
      • 圣灰星期三
    • Four Quartets
      • 四个四重奏
    • Nobel Prize in Literature 1948
  • James Joyce
    • Novel
      • A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
        • 青年艺术家的画像
      • Ulysses
        • 尤利西斯
      • Finnegans Wake
        • 芬尼根守夜人
    • Short Story
      • Dubliners
        • 都柏林人
    • The Collection of Pomes
      • Chamber Music
        • 室内乐集
• The Eighteenth Century
  • Neo-classicism
    • 新古典主义
    • fix laws and rules for every genre of literature
    • Prose ——direct, precise, smooth
    • Poetry—— logical, lyrical
    • Drama—— heroic couplet(英雄对偶句), three units(time, place, action)
  • Realism
    • modern English novel
    • the realistic presentation of life of the common people & middle class
  • Sentimentalism
    • 感伤主义
    • a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason, and personal instincts of "pity, tenderness, and benevolence" over social duties.
    • sympathy for peasants
  • Enlightenment
    • a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in Franch and swept through western Europe in the 18th century
    • a furtheran of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century
    • purpose to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas
    • celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science
  • Author
    • Daniel Defoe
      • Fiction
        • Robinson Crusoe
        • Captain Singleton
          • 辛格顿船长
        • Memoirs of Cavalier
          • 骑士回忆录
        • Moll Flanders
          • 莫尔弗兰德斯
          • for the first time a lowly woman as the subject of literature
        • The Adventures of a London Prostitute Colonel Jack
          • 杰克上校
        • A Journal of the Plague Year
          • 大疫年日记
        • Roxana
          • 罗克珊娜
        • The History of the Devil
          • 魔鬼的历史
    • Joathan Swift
      • Style
        • deadly irony
        • powerful satire
        • simple, clear, vigorous language
        • simple, direct and precise prose
      • Fiction
        • Gulliver's Travels
    • Alexander Pope
      • Fiction
        • The Rape of the Lock
          • 夺发记
        • An Essay on Criticism
          • 批评论
        • The Dunciad
          • 愚人志
        • An Essay on man
          • 人论
    • Henry Fielding
      • The father of English novel
      • known for humour
    • Pre-romanticism（Roamnticism）
      • Romantic Revival
      • Strong protest against the bondage of Classicism
      • Claims of passion & emotion
      • Renewed interests in medieval literature
    • Robert Burns
      • Poetry
        • A Red, Red Rose
    • Willlian Blake
      • Poetry
        • From Songs of innocence
        • The Lamb
        • From Songs of Experience
        • The Tyger
• 17th Century(Revolution and Restoration)
  • Revolution means
    • the supremacy of Parliament
    • the beginning of modern English
    • the final triumph of the principle political liberty
  • Major literary figures
    • the Puritan(清教徒派)
      • John Milton(弥尔顿)
        • Paradise Lost
        • Paradise Regained
        • Samson Agonistes
      • John Buyan(班杨)
        • The Pilgrim's Progress(天路历程)
        • Allegory
          • 寓言
          • a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and comlicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself
          • extend metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. Characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice
    • the Metaphysical(玄学派)
      • John Donne(邓恩)
        • An Essay of Dramatic Poesy(Metaphysical)
    • the Cavalier(保皇派)
      • John Dryden(德莱顿)
  • Conceit
    • 奇遇
    • An extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem
  • Metaphysical poetry
    • 玄学派诗歌
    • under the influence of John Donne
    • with a rebellious spirit, try to break away the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry
    • the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and choses the words and cadences of common speech
    • the imagery is drawn from actual life
  • Classicism
    • 古典主义
    • a movement or tendency in art, literature or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome
    • its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionary oppose to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes
• Renaissance
  • Renaissance
    • means rebirth, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome
    • the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism
    • the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with Shakespeare being the leading dramatist
  • Background
    • European hunmanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalist ideas
    • introduce the new ideas and express the interests of the rising bourgeoise
    • recover the purity of early church
  • Key note
    • Humanism
      • the essence of Renaissance
      • show the interests of human
      • man has ability to perfect
      • apprecite beauty, dignity,worth
  • Author
    • Edmund Spenser
      • "poets' poet"
      • Work
        • The Faerie Queene
          • 仙后
        • Amoretti
          • 爱情小诗
        • Epithalamion
          • 婚后曲
    • Willian Shakespeare
      • Poet
        • Sonnet 154
          • Sonnet
            • a group of lines of peotry,usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan
            • the stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem
      • drama
        • Hamlet
        • Romeno and Juliet
        • King Lear
          • 李尔王
        • othello
          • 奥赛罗
        • Macbeth
          • 麦克白
      • Soliloquy
        • 独白
        • A speech, often of some length, in which a character, alone on the stage, expresses the thoughts and feeling
    • Francis Bacon
      • Work
        • of study
        • Of great place
  • University wits
    • English playwrights educated at the university
    • Christopher Marlow
      • First made blank verse the principal medium of English drama