导图社区 教师招聘英语学科知识第一章语法梳理之句法
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编辑于2023-12-24 16:53:10教师招聘 英语学科知识
第一章 语法梳理
第二节 句法
一 从句
(一)定语从句
定义
定语从句起了形容词的作用, 在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫作先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词, 它的作用: 一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用; 二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。
1.关系词的用法
【关系代词的用法】
who
人
主语,宾语
Do you know the man who is talking with your mother.
whom
人
宾语
Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working.
Mr.Smith is the person who I am working with.
whose
人,物
定语
I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
that
人,物
主语,宾语,表语(定语从句中that做成分,名词性从句中that只起连接作用,不作成分)
A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much
which
物
主语,宾语
The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.
as
人,物
主语,宾语
He is such a person as is respected by all of us.
注:whose 的先行词指物时, 可用of which 代替, 但词序不同, 即whose+ 名词= the + n.+ of which = of which+ the + n. "whose+ 名词中心词“这一结构在定语从句中既能作主,语又能作宾语。如: He lives in the room whose window faces south. = He lives in the room, the window of which faces south. = He lives in the room, of which the window faces south. It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time.
【关系副词的用法】
when
时间,时间状语
I will never forget the day when we met there.
可用on which
where
地点,地点状语
This is the house where I was born.
可用in which
why
原因,原因状语
I can't imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.
可用for which
注
( 1 ) 三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which 结构:
when = on ( in, at, during... ) + which; where = in (at, on…) + which; why = for which.
如: I was in Beijing on the day when (= on which) he arrived. The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (= for which) we did it.
( 2 ) 当 point, situation, case, condition, stage (阶段)等词作先行词表示“情况,境地, 场合” 等意思时,抽象地点 用 where 引导定语从句, where 在句中作状语。如:
I've come to the point where I can't stand him.
( 3 ) 先行词是 the way , 意为“方式, 方法” 时,引 导定语从句的关系词用that/ in which或省略。如:
I didn't like the way (that/ in which) she talked to me.
( 4 ) 当先行词是表时间的time, day 等和表地点的 place, house 等时, 一定要注意分析从句的结构, 如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用 which 或 that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时, 才能用when 或 where , 试比较:
I'll never forget the day.......my hometown was liberated.(when/on which) I'll never forget the days .......we spent together last summer.(that/which/省略) His father works in a factory ..........radio parts are made.(where/in which) His father works in a factory ..........makes radio parts.(that/which)
定从关系词总结
看从句缺少什么成分
判断关系词是人还是物
注意 that的可省略的情况,that 在定从中作成分
that的用法
只用that的情况
( 1 ) 先行词为如下不定代词时 : all,everything, anything, nothing, little , much 。
(1)He told me everything that he knows.
( 2 ) 先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时。
(2)All the books that you offered have been given out.
( 3 ) 先行词有形容词最高级 和序数词修饰时。
(3)This is the best film that I have ever seen.
( 5 ) 先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时。
(5)He is the only man that I want to see .
( 4 ) 先行词既指人又指物时 。
(4)We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.
( 6 ) 句中巳经有 who 或 which 时, 为了避免重复时。
(6)Who is the man that is making a speech?
不能用that的情况
( 1 ) 在非限制性定语从句中,不用that,只能用which 指代物,用 who /whom指人。
(1)He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.
( 2 ) 在由“介词+ 关系代词“ 引导的定语从句中,只 能用which 指物, whom 指人。
(2)I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.
( 3 ) 先行词本身是 that 时,关系词用which; 先行词为 those, one, he 指人时,多用 who。
(3)Those who respect others are usually respected by others.
3.as和which的区别
限制性定语从句中
名词前有such 和the same 修饰时, 关系代词用 as , 不能用which。
He is not such a fool as he looks. Don't read such books as you can't understand.
非限制性定语从句中
都可以指代前面整个主句。 as : 有“正如, 像” 的含义; 既可放在主句前,也可以放在后面; which: 无“正如"的意思,引导的从句只能放主句后。
They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn't expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in 1980s.
4.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
限制性定语从句
必要,不可去,无逗号
对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切, 写时不用逗号分开。
The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定语从句
非必要,可去掉,有逗号,无that
对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十分密切, 较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,相当于一个插入语 , 不能用 that 引导, 关系代词作宾语时也不能省略。
His mother,whom he loved deeply,died ten years ago.
(二)名词性从句
定义
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词 性从句 ( Noun Clauses ) 。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等, 因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能, 名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1.主语从句
常用关联词(了解意思)
that,whether,who.whom,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whichever,whoever,if(用在形式主语句中)
( 1 ) 位置: 主语从句可以前置, 也可以后置。用 it作形式主语, 而把主语从句放在句末,常用下面几种句型。
*It+be+表语+主语从句。(表语:名词,形容词,过去分词)
It is still uncertain whether he is coming or not.
*It + 不及物动词+ 主语从句。 It seemed (happened, doesn't matter, has turned out) that...
It doesn't matter whether she will come or not.
*It + 及物动词(被动语态)+ 主语从句。
It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays. It is expected that the house price in Beijing will fall down
( 2 ) 主语从句注意事项: what (什么,所....的东西,即可指人也可指物))和 that 的选用。
what 和 that 都能够引导名词性从句, 但是在名词性从句中, that 只能起连接作用, 无词义, 不充当句子成分, 而 what 在名词性从句中既起连接作用, 又充当主语、宾语或表语,意 思是”所. ......的东西(事情) " 。
例如: What surprised me most was that such a little girl could play the violin so well.
2.宾语从句
(1)由连接词that引导的宾语从句
主语+ 及物动词+ t hat 宾语从句 ( that 可省略)。
James said (that) he was feeling better.
主语+ 及物动词+ 间接宾语+ t hat 宾语从句 ( that作直接宾语, 不可省略)。
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
主语+ 及物动词+ 并列 that 宾语从句。(第一个分句前的 that 可省,第二个that 不可省)
I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and that they will come to say goodbye to us.
主语+ 及物动词+ t o sb.+ that 从句。
He explained to us that he had failed to catch the first bus.
主语+ 及物动词+ that + 从句主语+ ( should )+ do 这类及物动词多表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义。
I insist that she (should) do her work alone.
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.
形容词+ that 从句(作形容词的宾语)。
I am afraid (that) I've made a mistake.
it 作形式宾语时, t hat 引导的宾语从句。
We felt it strange that she should leave without saying good-bye.
( 2 ) 主语+ 及物动词+ 连接代词/连接副词引导的宾语从句。如:
I don't know what they are looking for.
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序 , 即: 连接代词/副词+ 主语+ 谓语+ 其他成分。
( 3 ) 主语+ 及物动词+ whether/if 引导的宾语从句 ,宾语从句要用陈述句语序, whether 与if 引导宾语从句时一般可以互换使用。如:
Please let us know whether (if) they will come to our party.
在 discuss, wonder/not sure 和介词之后尽量用whether, if 与whether 含义容易混淆。如:
The board are discussing whether the fund should be allocated to that region.
( 4 ) 宾语从句中的否定转移。 若主句主语是第一人称,谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine 等, 其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义, 一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上, 从句谓语用肯定式。如:
注:反义疑问句:第一人称反从句,二三人称反主句
I don't think this dress fits you well. I don't believe you will finish the work today.
* 这种否定前移的宾语从句, 在变成反意疑问句时, 反意疑问句的主谓语要与从句一致。
I don't think (that) he is interested in that thing, is he?
*如果主句的主语是第二和第三人称时, 它后面接的宾语从句的否定词通常不前移, 它的反意疑问句的主谓语应该与主句一致,即如果主句是肯定,反意疑问部分就用否定;如果主句是否定, 那么反意疑问部分就用肯定。如:
She thought that film was not interesting, didn't she?
You think you can't get up, don't you?
常用关联词(了解意思)
that,whether,if,who,whom,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what
3.表语从句
定义
在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句"。可以接表语从句的系动词有be, look,remain, seem 等。
常见结构
*The reason why... is that…
The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
*That is because …
That's because we never thought of it.
*That is why…
That is why I cannot agree.
* It seems / looks as if...
It seems as if he didn't know the answer.
常用关联词(了解意思)
that,whether,as if,as though,who,whom,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,because.
4.同位语从句
( 1 ) 一般跟在某些名词后面,用 以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如:
I heard the news that our team had won. I had no idea that you were here.
( 2 ) 常见的可以跟同位语从句的词(抽象名词): news, idea, fact, promise, question, doubt,thought, hope, message, suggestion, word ( 消息),possibility 等。如:
I've come from Mr. Wang with a message that he won't be able to see you this afternoon.
( 3 ) 同位语从句与定语从句的区别:
*同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,说明它前面名词的内容,属于名词性从句范畴。 定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,限定前面名词范围,属于形容词性从句范畴。如:
The news that I have passed the exam is true.(that不作成分) The news that he told me just now is true.(that作宾语)
*引导同位语从句的that 是连词, 在从句中不充当任何成分, 而引导定语从句的that 是关系代词,除了起连接作用外,还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如:
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. The idea that he gave surprises many people
常用关联词(了解意思)
who,that,whom,whose,how,when,where,why,what.
名词从句总结
1-判断是什么从句——看含义——看成分
在名词从句中,that 不成分,无意义,只起引导作用(定从中作成分)
that不可省略情况
1-主语从句位于句首时
2-同位语从句里不能省略 (与定语从句比较 that在定语从句中充当成分)
3-宾语从句,从第二个起不能省
4-插入语小分句之后
She doesn't know,I’m sure, that her boyfriend cheated on her
5-省略答语中
不缺主干成分
whether/if(if 不句首) 是否
when,where,why,how
what
什么
所.....的....
which
(有选择范围的)
who/whom
疑问词+ever
缺主干成分
(三)状语从句
定义
状语从句在复合句中作状语。根据句子的含义, 它可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、行为方式、比较、让步等。
1.时间状语从句
连词
when, while, as, before, after, as soon as, till, until, not...until, once, the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, hardly… when, scarcely...when, no sooner...than 。
用法
( 1 ) 表示“当……的时候” : when, while, as。
when
A.when 表示点时间时,从句的谓语动词用短暂性动词; 表示段时间时,从 句的谓语动词用延续性动词。例句:
When I stopped my car, a dog came up to me. 当我停车的时候, 一只狗朝我走来。
When I was driving my car, a dog came up to me. 当我在开车的时候, 一只狗朝我走来。
B.when 还可意为“这时,那时” , 相当于at that/this moment , 常用句型: Somebody was doing something/was about to do sth./was on the point of doing sth. when. “刚要……这时突·然····
He was about to go to bed when the doorbell rang 他正要上床, 忽然门铃响了。
C。when 还可表示先后顺序,从句的动作先发生,主句的动作后发生
When you finish your homework,,you can go out.
while
A.通常表示—段时间 , 从句中的谓语动词通常为延续性动词, 可与 whe n 互换。例句:
Please don't talk so loud while others are working. 别人正在工作的时候 , 请不要大声喧哗。
B.while 可表示“尽管” 表示转折,不用倒装, 相当于although。例句:
While they love their children, they are strict with them 尽管他们都很爱孩子,但对他们要求严格。
C 拓展: while 还可以作为并列连词,意为 '而,却",表示对比。例句:
I am fond of music while he likes sports. 我喜欢音乐, 而他喜欢运动。
as
A. 意为“一边·….. 一边……", 表示从句和主句两个动作交替进行或同步进行。例句:
They talked as they walked. 他们边走边聊。
B意 为“随着"。例句:
As time goes on, it's getting colder and colder. 随着时间的推移, 天气变得越来越冷了。
C 表示点时间时, 从句的谓语动词用短暂性动词; 表示段时间时,从句的谓语动词用延续性动词, 可与 when 互换。例句:
I saw him as/when he left the meeting room. 他离开会议室时, 我看见他了。
(2)after 意为“在……之后” , before 意为“在……之前”。
It will be +一段时间+ before... ”还要多久才…… " ,before 后的从句要用肯定句; 该句型的否定结构为It will not be + long + before…“ 不久就……"。例句:
After the children had gone to bed, she began to prepare her lessons 孩子睡了以后, 她开始备课。
It won't be long before we meet again.不久我们就会见面 了.
(3)every time/each time 意为“每次, 每当” , whenever 意为“每当"。例句:
Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us . 每当我们遇上困难的时候 , 他们就来帮我们。
Each time he came to town, he would visit our school. 他每次进城, 总要来看看我们的学校。
(4)since/ever since 意为“自……以来” , 表示动作从过去某一点时间一直延续到说话时间为止。主句通常为延续性动词的现在完成时,从句一般用短暂性动词的一般过去时。例句:
It has been just a week since we arrived here 我们到这儿刚刚一星期。
(5)not until 意为“直到……才” , till 意为“直到……为止” 。
* until/till 引导时间状语从句用于肯定句时 , 主句的动词是延续性动词, 表示动作或状态一直持续到until/till 所表示的时间,意为'某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止"。例句:
We waited until he came. 我们一直等到他来。
*用于否定句时,主句谓语动词是非延续性动词,从句为肯定句,意为"某动作直到某时间才开始"。例句:
He won't go to bed until his son retu rns. 直到他儿子回来, 他才去睡觉。
* till 不可以置于句首, 而until 可以。例句:
Until you told me I had no idea of it.直到你告诉我, 我才知道这件事。
*not...until 位于句首时, 主句要用部分倒装句,结构为“Not until.. + 助动词+ 主语+ 其他'。例句:
Not until you told me did I have any idea of it. ( 本来语序:I didn't have any idea of it until you told me.) 直到你告诉我, 我才知道这件事。
* not...until 的强调句型:“It is/was not until...that..."。例句:
It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.直到你告诉我, 我才知道这件事。
( 6 ) 表示“ 一...…就. ..…” : the moment, the minute, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, hardly…when, scarcely...when, no sooner…than, as soon as。 其中, hardly 或 no sooner 或scarcely 置于句首, 句子必须用部分倒装结构, 且主句常用过去完成时, 从句常用一般过去时。例句:
Telephone me the moment you get the results . 一有结果芞给我打电话。
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.我刚到家, 天就开始下雨了。
(7) once 意为“一旦" 。例句:
Once you begin, you should continue. 一旦开始, 你就应该继续下去。
2.原因状语从句
连词
because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that 。
用法
(1)because: 意为“因为"语气最强, 不能与so 连用。
[ 拓展】because 与 because of 的区别: because 后接状语从句; because of 后接名词、代词、动名词或 what 引导的宾语从句。
例句: He couldn't have seen me because I wasn't there 他不可能见到我, 因为我当时不在那儿。
(2)since : 意为“既然, 因为"两者都心知肚明, 通常放在句首。例句:
Since you have no licence, you are not allowed to drive. 既然你没有驾照, 你就不许开车。
(3)as : 意为 ”由于", 通常放在句首。例句:
As it rained, we all stayed at home. 由于下雨, 我们只好待在家里 。
(4)now that , 意为“既然, 因为" , that 可以省略。例句:
Now (that) dinner is ready, go and wash your hands 既然饭好了,去 洗手吧。
(5)seeing that, considering that: 意为 "鉴于, 考虑到, 由于"。例句:
Seeing that quite a few people were absent, we decided to put off the meeting. 考虑到有很多人没有到会, 我们决定延迟开会 。
3.条件状语从句
连词
if, unless, now (that), as (so) long as, as (so) far as, in case, on condition that, suppose/ supposing (that), provided/providing ( that ) 。
用法
( 1 ) 真实条件句。例句: As long as you don't lose your heart, you will succeed . 你只要不灰心, 就会成功。
( 2 ) 非真实条件句(见虚拟语气的用法)。
4.让步状语从句
连词
although, though, even though/even if, as , while , no matter which/what/when/where/who/how, whichever, wherever, whatever, whoever, whenever ,however, whether … or 。
no matter +疑问词
只引导状语从句
特殊疑问词+ever
即可引导状语从句
又可引导名词性从句
用法
(1)although, though: 意为“虽然, 尽管 ” , 通常可以互换, 都可以与yet, still, nevertheless 连用,不 能与 but 连用。其中, although 常位于句首, though 可置于句首或句中 , 而且 though 引导的让步状语从句可以倒装。例句:
Child though he is, he knows a lot. 虽然他只是个孩子,却 懂得很多 。
(2)as, though: 引导让步状语从句时, 通常放在句首, 且要用部分倒装的语序。例句:
Much as I like it, I won't buy it, for it's too expensive 虽然我很喜欢它, 但是我不会买它, 因为它太贵了。
(3)whether...or… : 意为“不管……还是..…. " , 疑问词+ ever 与no matter + 疑问词:意为“不管…… , 无论……"。例句:
Whether you believe it or not, it is true 不管你相信与否, 那都是真的。
(4)while : 意为“虽然, 尽管"。例句:
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you. 虽 然我理解你的意思,但我还是不同意。
5.结果状语从句
连词
so that, so...that, such...that。
用法
(1)so …that... 的常用句型如下:
*so + 形容词/ 副词+ that 从句。
The stone is so heavy that I can't move it.
* so + 形容词+ a/ an + 可数名词单数形式+ that 从句。
It is so heavy a stone that I can't move it.
*so + many/much/few/little + 名词+ that 从句。
There are so many books that I can't mvoe them.
(2)such...that... 的常用句型如下:
* such + a/an + 形容词+ 可数名词单数形式+ that 从句。
Mike is such an honest boy that we all like him. =Mike is so honest a boy that we all like him,
*such + 形容词+ 可数名词复数形式/不可数名词+that 从句。
They are such heavy books that I can't move them
* such + a lot of/lots of + 名词+ that 从句。
There are such a lot of books that I can't move them.
( 3 ) 当 so 或 such 以及被修饰部分置于句首时, 主句要用倒装的语序。
So excited was he that he couldn't say a word .他如此激动, 以至于一句话也说不出来。
6.目的状语从句
连词
so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest 。
用法
(1)so that, in order that: 意为“以便, 为了",引导目的状语从句。
in order that 可置于主句之前或之后
so that 只能置于主句之后, 且从句中常用情态动 词 can, could, may, might 等
In order that we could see the sunrise, we started for the peak early. 为了能看到日出, 我们很早就出发去山顶了。
(2)for fear that, lest: 意为“唯恐, 以免" 。
in case 意为“以防",目的状语从句要用虚拟语气 即 should do, should 可以省略
Take more clothes in case it (should) be cold. 多带点儿衣服, 以防天冷。
7.方式状语从句
连词
as, as if/as though。
用法
(1)as : 意为"像……一样,正 如……一样"。例句:
They did as they are told.
(2)as if, as though:意为“好像”,引导的让步状语从句可以用陈述语气,表示可能符合事实的情况;也可以用虚拟语气,表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况(用法见虚拟语气)。 例句:
The boy plays piano as though he has a natural ear for music. (陈述语气 )这孩子弹起钢琴来就好像天生很懂音乐似的。
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child. (虚拟语气 )这位老师对待这位学生就像自己的亲生孩子一样。
8.比较状语从句
连词
than, as...as, not so/as...as, the + 比较级……, the + 比较级……。
用法
比较状语从句中通常省略与主句重复的部分。
(1)as...as...:否定结构为not so/as...as…。
The result was not as/so good as I had expected. 结果不如我预料的那么好。
( 2 ) than : 意为“比"。
It was much better than I'd expected. 这比我预料的要好得多。
(3)the + 比较级……, the + 比较级……: 意为"越……就越……"。
The more you read, the better you understand. 你读书越多,就懂得越多。
while 总结
1-当...时
引导时间状语从句
2-而,然而
表对比
3-虽然,尽管(可以和although呼互换)
引导让步状语从句
as 总结
1-一边...一边....,随着...,有时可以与when替换.
引导时间状语从句
2-因为
引导原因状语从句
3-像...
引导方式状语从句
4-虽然,尽管
引导让步状语从句
5-表比较 和.....一样
引导比较状语从句
二 虚拟语气
定义
虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想, 而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示
(一)if条件状语句
( 1 ) 真实条件句, 即条件满足事实发生的情况。
( 2 ) 非真实条件句, 即与事实相反或难以实现的假设情况 , 表愿望、假设、猜测、建议。虚拟语气的基本句型, 即这种非真实条件状语从句。其具体形式如表中所示:
(二)介词或者介词短语without/thanks to/but for+名词结构代替if条件句表示的虚拟语气
(三)wish+宾语从句 或if/if only表示愿望 '要是...就好了' 或as if/as though引导的从句‘’像,好像‘
与现在事实相反的愿望
从句谓语:did(be动词一般用were)
I wish I bought that house。
He acts as if he knew me well.他表现得好像认识我
与过去事实相反的愿望
从句谓语 had done
I wish I had bought that house
If only I had read that book 要是当时读那本书就好了
He acts as if he had done nothing wrong .他表现得好像没有做错
与将来事实相反的假设
从句谓语:would/could +do
I wish I could bought that house next moment。
(五)suggest,require,order,etc.+宾语从句 (should) 可省型虚拟语气
在一些表示建议、愿望、要求、请求、劝告、意志、欲望、命令、安排、决定等的动词 的宾语从句中, 要用虚拟语气
这类动词有: ask, require, request, demand, pray, insist, desire, maintain, propose, suggest, move, urge, advise, recommend, command, order, arrange, decide 等 。
She demanded (that) the paper (should) be rewritten. I suggest (that) he (should) get there as soon as possible. 注: 如 suggest, insist 用于其本意 ”暗示、表明” “ 坚持认为", 且后面从句中的动作巳经发生时, 使用陈述语气。如:He insisted that she was seriously ill and that be sent to hospitals at once.
常考口诀
一坚 insist
一决 decide
二命令 order,command
五要求 require,request,demand,ask,urge
四建议 advise,suggest,propose,recommend
(六)it is important,required,etc.+宾语从句
在it is + 表示重要性的,要求、建议、必要、命令,等意思的形容词或分词或抽象名词+ 主语从句的结构中。
这类形容词和分词有: advised, advisable, better, desired, desirable, demanded, essential, important, natural, necessary, ordered, proposed, possible, probable, preferable, recommended, required, suggested, strange,urgent, strange, incredible 等; 这个表语结构也可以是it is a pity, it is a wonder, it is a shame 等。
It's necessary (that) we (should) start to do the work right away. It's urgent we (should) send for a doctor at once. It is a pity that she (should) call black white.
(七)用于表语从句或者同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在一些表示愿望、建议、要求、命令等意义的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句后, 谓语动词要用虚拟语气。
这类名词有: advice, decision, idea,, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, suggestion, opinion, requirement, ditrection, policy 等。
My opinion is that we (should) review their proposal right now.
He made the request that the problem ( shpl}ld]) be settled at once.
(八)如果条件从句中包含were,had,should,有时可把if省掉,把were,had,should放在主语前,变成倒装句
If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
>>Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
(九)错综时间条件句
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,在英语中通常称为"错综时间条件句"。其主从句谓语动词的形式则要根据其所表示的时间做出相应的调整以对 应其所表示的动作行为。如:
If we had started earlier, we would catch the first train.
(四)It‘s(high/about)time+从句
表示是应该做某事的时候了
从句谓语:did或should+do(should 不可省)
It is time that we should study hard
had/would rather+从句 宁愿
对现在或者将来虚拟 did/were
I would rather you stayed at home.我宁愿你留在家里(后接从句)
比较 I would rather stay at home
对过去虚拟 had done
三 非谓语动词和独立主格
(一)非谓语动词
要点
·非谓语动词的分类、意义和构成。 ·非谓语动词作主语和表语。 ·非谓语动词作宾语 ( it 作形式宾语; 部分动词+doing 与+t o do 的辨析; 动名词的复合结构; 动词不定式作宾语时的省略)。 ·非谓语动词作宾语补足语(动词不定式作部分动词的宾补时“to" 的省略以及在被动句中 “to" 的还原)。 ·非谓语动词作定语 ( - ing 和-ed 分词的辨析)。
1.分类
to do
表目的、结果、将来
He study hard to pass the exam.
He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.
I haven't decided whether to do it or not.
doing
表主动、进行/伴随
Having finished the work, he went out to play.
the swimmi'ng boy/the swimming pool
done
表被动、完成
Given more time, he could do it better.
the boiled water/the developed country
其中带have的动作发生在谓语动词之前
1-判断是否为非谓语(一个简单句里只有一个谓语动词)
2-判断和句子主语的主被动
3-时态
2.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别
不定式
多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,作主语时可以借助于 it 把不定式移到句子后面。作表语有时可和主语交换位置, 而且意义不变, 并且还能用what 来提问主语或表语
My dream is to become a teacher.
To obey the law is important.
(dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task 作主语时常用)
动名词
与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词, 表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it 作形式主语, 作表语时可以和主语互换位置。
It is no use saying that again and again.
Teaching is my job.
分词
无名词的性质,不能作主语。但是有形容词的性质 , 可以作表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等, 可被 very, quite, rather 等副词修饰。
现在分词多含有“令人…..".之意,说明主语的性质特征,多 表示主动, 主语多为物
过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,有“感到……”之意, 主语多是人。
(常见分词有 astonishing, moving,tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusin g 及其-ed 形式)
The situation is encouraging. The book is well written.
3.非谓语动词做宾语的比较
1
stop to do 停止手中事 ,去 做另一件事
stop doing停止正在做的事
2
remember/forget/regret to do (指动作尚未发生)
remember/forget/regret doing (指动作已经发生)
3
go on to do ( 接着做另外一件事)
go on doing (接着做同一件事)
4
try to do(设法 , 努力去做, 尽力)
try doing(试试去做 , 看有何结果)
5
mean to do( 打算做,企图做)
mean doing(意思是 , 意味着)
6
can't help to do(不能帮忙做)
can't heip doing(忍不住要做 )
4.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别
不定式
常见动词
带to的不定式:ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish,encourage+to do
不带to的不定式:have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make +do
与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念
主谓关系 强调动作将发生或已经完成
I heard him call me several times.
现在分词
常见动词
notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel
与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念
主谓关系 强调动作正在进行,尚未完成
I found her listening to the radio.
过去分词
常见动词
notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel
与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念
动宾关系 动作已经完成,多强调状态
We found the village greatly changed.
5.非谓语动词做定语的区别
( 1 ) 不定式作定语
*不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作, 完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave.
*如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词。
Let's first find a room to live in/ put the things in.
We have nothing to worry about. (= There is nothing for us to worry about.)
(2)- ing 分词作定语
*-ing 分词作定语 一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行,否则,要用从句作定语。
Do you know the boy talking (= who is talking) to the teacher?
Did you notice the boy sitting (= who was sitting) at this desk yesterday?
The man shaking (= who is now shaking) hands with Mr. Li visited our class yesterday
比较:
误 : He is the man visiting our class yesterday.
正 : He is the man who visited our class yesterday.
*单个的 -ing 分词作定语一般前置 ,说明名词的性质、特征或用途等,-ing 短语作定语一般后置; 强调动作的单个-ing 分词也常后置。
a sleeping car (= a car for sleeping)
a sleeping child (= a child who is sleeping)
the boy standing there (= the boy who is standing there)
The girl singing is my classmate.
*- ed 分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成的动作, - i ng 分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作, -ing 分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。例 :
a developed/developing country
He is a student loved by all the teachers.
The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school.
* 像定语从句一样,分词作定语也有非限制性的, 其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句
The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground.
The substance, discovered almost by accident, has greatly changed the world.
6.非谓语动词做状语的区别
(1)不定式的用法
*主要用作目的状语·
He sat down to have a rest.
*作结果状语, 表示出乎意料的结果。作结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾, 常见的不定式动词有: to find, to hear, to see, to be told, to form, to give, to make, to produce 等。
He woke up to find everybody gone.
I hurried to school, only to find the gate is locked.
( 2 ) 现在分词与过去分词作状语
*现在分词作状语时, 现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关 系。例:
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
*过去分词作状语时, 过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。 (过去分词和现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式作状语,两者无多大区别。)
Having been given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
注意: 分词或分词短语作状语时, 其逻辑主语必须与句中的主语相同。
正: Entering the room, I found the walls newly- painted.
误 : Entering the room, the first thing that met eyes was the newly- painted walls.
7.非谓语动词的用法辨析
( 1 ) 动词后接to do 或 doing 的区别
*只 能接to do 不定式的动词有: want, wish, hope, long, expect, desire, intend, decide, ask, promise, aim, offer, agree, plan, learn, choose, refuse, manage, pretend 等。
*只用动名词作宾语的动词有: admit, avoid, appreciate , consider dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse,finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, risk, resist, suggest 等。
*动词后二者都可跟, 但意义不同的有: remember, forget, regret, go on, stop, try, mean, can't help 等。
regret to do sth.抱歉(遗憾)要 做某事 regret doing sth.懊诲( 遗撼)曾做过某事
remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth. 记住曾做过某事
forget to do sth. 遗忘要做某事 forget doing sth.遗忘曾做过某事
mean to do sth. 计划做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
can't help to do sth 不能协助做某事 can't help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
go on to do sth.做完某预先接着做另一事 go on doing sth.持续做不断在做的事
stop to do sth.停下来去做别的事 stop doing sth. 中止正在做的事
try to do sth.设法、尽力做某事 try doing sth. 尝试着做某事, 做某事试试看有何效果
*动词后二者都可跟, 意义相同的有: begin, start, like, love, prefer, hate 等, 但是区别在于: 后接动名词时表示经常性的动作, 后接不定式时表示的是具体的、特定的动作。例: I like playing football, but I don't like to play now 我 喜欢踢足球, 但是现在不想踢。
重点提示: 在下列情况下begin 和 start 后只接不定式。
A.主语是物不是人。例: Spring came on and the snow began to melt.春天来了, 冰雪消融。
B 用于进行时。例: It's beginning to rain 开始下雨了。
c.后接表示心理活动或状态的动词。例: I began to realize how stupid I was. 我开始意识到自己有多傻。
D.后接不定式的被动式。例 : The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980's. 20 世纪80 年代新型电脑得到了进一步发展。
(2) “感官动词+宾语+宾补"的结构中,宾补用分词和不定式的区别
*当宾语与宾语补足语之间是主动关系时,宾补要用不带 to 的动词不定式(动词原形 ) 及现在分词; 其中,不带 to 的不定式(动词原形)表示动作的全过程, 现在分词表示动作正在进行。如:
I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yester day. 昨天我经过她房间时, 我听见她在唱英文歌。
*当宾语与宾语补足语之间是被动关系时 , 要用过去分词及 being done 的形式。其中, 过去分词表示被动和完成的意义, being done 表示被动、正在进行的意义。如:
I'd like to see the plan carried ou t. 我想看到这个计划能被执行。
I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨 天 经 过她房间时,我听见一个小女孩在唱英文歌。
[注慈]不及物动词的过去分词作宾补时表示完成或状态。例:
I found my necklace gone. 我发现我的项链不见了。
I was surprise to find my hometown changed so much. 我惊喜地发现我的家乡变化如此之大。
(二)独立主格
定义
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语), 加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点: 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在; 名词或代词与后面的形容词、 副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系; 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
1.独立主格的主要形式
名词或代词+现在分词
名词或者代词通常是动作的执行者,与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系,表示主动的或者正在进行的动作
She ran up to me,her hair flying in the wind.
名词或代词+过去分词
名词或代词是动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构, 表示被动或巳完成的动作。
This done, we went home.
名词或代词+不定式
名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者,与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系, 表示将要发生的动作,常位于句首或句末。
We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor.
名词或代词+形容词或副词
形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所 处的状态。
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open Summer over, the students returned to school.
名词或代词+介词短语
介词短语也是用来说明或代词的性质特征或所处的状态 (注:该结构中一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词)。
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.=Miss Smith entered the classroom with a book in her hand.
with复合结构
with+宾语+形容词
The children were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open.
with+宾语+介词短语
The old man used to take a walk with a stick in his hand.=The old man used to take a walk, stick in hand
with+宾语+副词
The proud girl walked away with her head up.
with+宾语+现在分词
Mary felt very shy with so many eyes looking at her.
with+宾语+过去分词
If you sit looking away from a person, or with your back turned, you are saying you are not interested in that person.
with+宾语+不定式
With too much work to do the next day, he felt anxious and didn't sleep well.
there being+名词(代词)
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
It being+名词(代词)
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
2.独立主格主要用法
做时间状语
The work done (= After the work had been done), we went home.
作条件状语
Weather permitting (= If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
做原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (= As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.
做伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head)
表补充说明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold).
非谓语与独立主格极其相似,但有区别
非谓语前后主语是一致的
独立主格一般都是由逗号分开,是前后主语不一致,有两个主语
四 特殊句式
(一)倒装句
定义:谓语的全部或部分(助动词或情态动词)放在主语之前的现象称为倒装
1.分类
完全倒装
here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away 等位移,方位副词开头的句子表示强调。
Out rushed the children
主谓一致
主语为代词时不能倒装
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首。
Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡。
Present at the meeting were 1, 000 students.
部分倒装
never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首,紧接着否定副词的从句用倒装。
Hardly did I know what had happened.
注 not until 在有从句的情况下,主句倒装从句不倒
Not until you told me,did I had any idea of it(主倒从不倒)
对比 Not until recently did they encourage the development of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.(紧接着否定副词的从句用倒装)
only +状语放于句首 。
Only then did he realize the importance of English.
not only...but also 连接并列的句子,前倒后不倒。
Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.
neither...nor..连接并列的句子,前后都倒装。
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
so…that, such...that 中的 so 或 such 及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒、
So busy is he that he cannot go on a holiday.
as 引导的让步状语, 把需要强调的部分提前(如名词、动词、形容词、副词 ), 然后再加陈述句的其他部分。
Child as he is, he has learned a lot.
so, neither 或 nor 表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。
He can play the piano. So can I 我也会 So I can。我确实会,确实能
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中。
May you be in good health!
省略 if 的虚拟条件。
Were I you, I would not do it in this way .
2.“so/nor/neither+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语”与“so/nor/neither+主语+助动词/情态动词/系动词”
(1)"so/ nor/ neither + 助动词/ 情态动词/系动词+ 主语” 表示前面说过的情况也适用于另一个人或物时要部分倒装。如:
Peter can't answer the question. Neither can I.
(2)"so/ nor/ neither + 主语+ 助动词/情态动词/ 系动词” 表示“确实.....",仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和。如:
—The lights are still on in the classroom. You must have forgotten to turn them off. —So I did.
(二)强调句
1.结构
It is/was + 被强调部分+ that/who + 句子其余部分。例:
Jim met his good friend last night on the street.
肯定句: I t was last night that Jim met his good friend on the street.
一般疑间句: Was it last night that Jim met his g od friend on the street?
特殊疑间句: When was it that Jim met-his good friend on the street?
2.类型
(1)用It is/was....that/who....句型表示强调
被强调的部分(通常是句子的主语,状语,宾语,或宾语补足语)放在is/was的后面,如果被强调的是人,则后面可用who,whom等代替
It was an old friend that/who he met in the park yesterday.
(2)not...until...句型的强调句
句型为:It is/was not until+被强调的部分+that+其他部分
普通句:He didn't go to bed until/till his wife came back.
强调句:It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
注意:此句型只用until,不用till,但如果不是强调句型,till,until可以通用,因为句型中It is/was not 已经是否定句了,that后面的从句要用肯定句,切勿再用否定句了。
(3)谓语动词的强调
It is/was....that结构不能强调谓语,如果需要强调谓语,用助动词do/does或did
Do sit down.请坐 He did write to you last week.上周他确实给你写了信。 Do be careful when you cross the street.过马路时,务必小心啊。
注意:此种强调只用do/does和did,没有别的形式,过去时用did,后面的谓语动词用原形
(4)从句的强调
*强调状语从句
I came home late because it was raining hard.
It was because it was raining hard that I came home late.
注意:被强调的原因状语从句只能用because引导,不能用as或since引导
*强调主语从句
What you said really made us sad.
It was what you said that really made us sad.
在考察强调句这个知识点时,我们可以发现题目经常会和定语从句,名词性从句结合起来,这就需要我们分析并判断出强调句及其他从句的结构 *It was what he said that annoyed me. *It was the training which/that /省略 he had as a young man that made him such a good engineer. *Some great people said it was their primary school teachers and their lessons that(既指认又指物) they were fond of that influenced their whole lives.
3.判断
把it,be,that去掉,如果剩余的部分句子结构仍然完整(被强调部分要还原到原位置)那么这个句子就是强调句,如果句子不完整,则不是强调句
It is he who/that often help me with my English.
It is on the hillside that we plant trees every year.
It was because of bad weather that the football match had to be put off.
分析:去掉It is/was...that/who句子后结构仍然完整,句意仍明确,都是强调句
It was 9 o'clock when we came back.
It was 3 hours since we had come back.
分析:在上面例句中若去掉it was...when/before/since等后,句子结构就不完整,而且强调句的后半句只能由that/who引导,所以不是强调句
(三)省略句
1.状语从句中的省略用法
(1) 如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致,且从句的谓语含有be 动词的某种形式(am/is/are/was/were) ,可同时省略从句的主语和be动词的某种形式。
*when, while 引导的时间状语从句。
Do be careful when (you are) crossing the street.
When/While (I was) on my way to work, I met her.
*if,unless, once 引导的条件状语从句。
If (it is) properly treated, waste will do no harm to the environment.
I'll not go to the party unless (I am) invited.
Once (you are) caught stealing in a supermarket, you will be punished.
* though, although, whether, no matter whether/what/how/who 等引导的让步状语从句。
He was happy, though/although (he was) poor.
Whether (she is) sick or well, she is always cheerful.
No matter how/However hard the task (is), we must fulfill it in time.
*as if, as though +to do 表示将来的动作 引导的方式状语从句。可省略主语+谓语
He rubbed his eyes and yawned as if/though (he was) waking up after a long sleep.
He stood up as if/though (he wanted) to leave.
(2) than, as引导的比较状语从句中的省略用法。
当不同的主语进行比较时,一般省略从句中的谓语; 当从句中的主语与谓语(be动词除外)和主句中的主语与谓语相同时,通常省略从句中的主语和谓语,只保留比较部分。
He is taller than his brother (is). I have as much as confidence in you as (I have confidence) in him.
(3)以if从句为代表的状语从句中的特殊省略用法:
通常省略了it is, that is, there is/are。
If (it is) possible/necessary, this old temple will be rebuilt.
If (that is) so, I will call you back at 5:00 pm.
There are only a few books in our school library, if (there are) any.
2.定语从句中的省略用法
关系词的省略
关系代词that, which, whom等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且不位于介词之后时,(即状语从句中的宾语和表语) 可以省略;
The man (that/who/whom) you visited last night is my grandpa.
in which 或that 在先行词way 后作方式状语从句时可省略。
I don't like the way (in which/that) you treat the girl.
3.虚拟语气中if及should的省略
(1)当条件状语从句中有were, had, should等时省略if,把它们提至句首, 形成倒装句。
If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
Were I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
(2)suggest, insist, order, require等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后接的名词性从句中, 谓语动词常用“should+动词原形” ,should可以省略。
The doctor suggested that he (should)try to lose weight
4.不定式符号to 的省略
(1)感官动词see, hear, feel, watch等和使役动词have, make, let等后接不定式作宾语时,不定式省略to 。
(2)do nothing but, can't help but等结构常接省略to 的不定式。
We didn't do anything but stay at home watching TV yesterday.
Hearing the news, she couldn't help but cry.
(3)在特定语境中为了避免重复, 当不定式再次出现时, 在want, wish, hope, try, plan,like, love, hate 后往往只保留to, 而省略后面的动词。但不定式后有be, have 时, 也保留be 和have 。
My parents encouraged me to go to college, but I didn't want to.
5.so和not的替代性省略
用于避免重复前面所说过的内容, 替代词so/not替代肯定或否定的名词性从句。可与believe, do, expect, fear, guess、hope, say, speak, suppose, think, I'm afaid等连用。
—Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? .,;
—I suppose not.
(四)感叹句
1.what引导的感叹句
(1) What + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+主语+谓语!
What a wonderful time we had yesterday! 我们昨天玩得多开心呀!
(2) What +形容词+复数名词+主语+谓语!
What beautiful flowers they are! 多美的花儿呀!
(3) What +形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!
What fine weather it is! 多好的天气呀!
2.how引导的感叹句
(1) How +形容词/副词+主语+谓语!
How clever she is! 她多聪明呀!
(2) How +形容词+ a/an +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!
How strange a question it is! 多奇怪的问题呀!
3.省略式感叹句
(1) how 直接修饰谓语动词: How +主语+谓语!例句:
How time flies! 时间过得多快啊!
(2) 省略主语和谓语。例句:
How wonderful (it is) !真棒!
4.特殊式感叹句
例句: The design and the colors! 多美的图案和色彩啊!
(五)反义疑问句
1.句型用法
(1) 陈述部分的主语是I, 疑问部分要用aren't I 。例句:
I'm as tall as your sister, aren't I? 我和你妹妹一样高,不是吗?
(2) 陈述部分用no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little 等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。前否后肯 例句:
The Chinese made no answer, did he/she?那个中国人没有回答,是吗?
(3) 陈述部分有否定前缀构成的词时,不能视为否定词, 疑问部分仍用否定形式。例句:
It is impossible, isn't it? 那是不可能的,是吗?
(4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定形式,疑问部分用shouldn't/oughtn't+主语。例句:
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he?/ shouldn't he? 他应该知道做什么,是吗?
(5) 陈述部分有have to + v. (had to + v.) ,疑问部分常用don't +主语(由didn't +主语)。例句:
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we? 我们明天必须8 点到那里,是吗?
(6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't+主语或usedn't+主语。例句:
He used to take pictures there, didn't he?/usedn't he? 他过去常在那儿照相,是吗?
(7) 陈述部分有had better+v. ,疑问句部分用hadn't you 。
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? 你最好自己读,好吗?
(8) 陈述部分有would rather + v. ,疑问部分多用wouldn't +主语。例句:
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he ?他宁愿读十遍,也不愿意背诵,是吗?
(9) 陈述部分有must 的反意疑问句用法。
陈述部分有must 表示“必须”时,疑问部分用needn't (不必)。例句:
They must finish the work today, needn't they?也们必须今天完成工作,是吗?
陈述部分有must 表示推测时,疑问部分要用must 后面的动词形式。
A.对现在的情况推测。
He must be a doctor, isn't he? 他一定是个医生,对吗?
B 对过去的情况推测。 表示肯定推测的用法:
* 陈述部分没有过去的时间状语时,疑问部分用现在完成时,即haven't/hasn't +主语。
You must have studied English, haven't you? 你一定学过英语,对吗?
*陈述部分有过去的时间状语时,疑问部分用一般过去时,即didn't +主语。例句:
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he? 他一定是昨天完成的,对吗?
(10) 陈述部分有并列句、定语从句、宾语从句时,疑问部分有三种情况:
陈述部分是并列句:疑问部分谓语动词根据邻近句子的主谓而定 就近原则。例句:
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, and he should have been in China now, shouldn't he? 史密斯先生去过北京好几次了,他现在本就应该在中国,对吗?
陈述部分带有定语从句、宾语从句:疑问部分谓语根据主句的主谓而定;
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?他不是那个给我们作演讲的那个人,对吗?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?他说他想去游览日本,是吗?
当上述部分的主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine, guess 等,且主句主语是第一人称时,疑问部分与宾语从句的主谓保持一致; 若主句为否定句,则将否定转移到宾语从句中,即疑问部分用肯定形式。例句:
We believe she can do it better, can't she?我们认为她会做得更好,不会吗?
I don't think he is bright, is he? 我认为他不聪明,对吗?
(11) 陈述部分有dare, need 时,若视为情态动词,疑问部分用dare/need +主语;若视为实义动词,则疑问部分用do +主语。
We need not do it again, need we? 我们不必再做这件事了,是吗?
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she? 她不敢一个人回家,是吗?
(12) 陈述部分是祈使句时,疑问部分的用法如下:
*省去主语的祈使句,疑问部分用will you 。例句:
Open the door, will you? 打开门,好吗?
* Let's 开头的祈使句,疑问部分用shall we 。例句:
Let's go out for a walk, shall we? 我们出去散步,好吗?
* Let us 开头的祈使句,疑间部分用will you 。例句:
Let us go home now, will you?我们现在回家,好吗?
*Let +第三人称开头的祈使句,疑问部分用will you 。例句:
Let her go to school, will you?让她去上学,好吗?
2.回答用语
无论提出的问题是肯定或否定,如果事实是肯定的,就用Yes; 如果事实是否定的,就用No 。同时,要注意前后表达要一致,即: Yes 后用肯定, No 后用否定。
—He likes playing football, doesn't he? 他喜欢踢足球,是吗?
—Yes, he does. 是的,他喜欢。
-No, he doesn't.不,他不喜欢。