Chapter 2 Phonology

语言学导论，语音学是研究语言声音（即语音）的学科，是语言学的分支。主要研究语言的发音机制、语音特性和在言谈中的变化规律。主要包含phonetics语音学、phonetics ＆phonology、phonology 音系学等详细知识点。

Chapter 2 Phonology

• phonetics语音学
  • The phonic medium of language
    • 判断何为语音媒介
      • through their speech organs
      • have a role to play in linguistic communication
    • definition
      • this limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.
    • 什么是语音
      • the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.
  • Definition
    • the study of the phonic of language all the sounds occur in the word's language how speech sounds are produced(产生)Ytransmitted(传播)， and perceived(察觉)
  • branches
    • articulatory phonetics 发音语音学
    • auditory phonetics听觉语音学
    • acoustic phonetics 声学语音学
  • 语言学的三个角度
    • from the speaker's point of view
    • from the hearer's point of view
    • the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves
  • speech organs
    • pharyngeal cavity — the throat
      • voicing—voiced Yvoiceless 浊音 清音
    • oral cavity — the mouth
      • aspiration—aspirated Yunaspirated 不送气＆送气
    • Nasal cavity — the nose
      • nasality -nasal＆non-nasal [m][n][g]
  • ④orthographic representation of speech sound 语言的正字法表示
    • broad transcription 宽式音标
      • letter-symbols
      • dictionaries ＆ teaching textbook
    • narrow transcription 严式音标
      • letter-symbols＋diacritics 变音符号
      • [l]
        • [ t ]
          • dark
            • leaf
              • /lif/
          • dental
            • health
              • /hɛlθ/
        • [ p ]
          • aspirated
            • pit
              • /pɪt/
          • unaspirated
            • spit
              • /spɪt/
  • classification of English speech sounds
    • vowed
      • no obstruction
    • consonant
      • obstruction
• phonetics ＆ phonology
  • language : primarily sound
  • soundXlinguistics focus on speech sound
    • phonetics 语音学 individual sound, meaningless ,general
    • phonology 音系学 sound pattern , meaningful , specific
• phonology 音系学
  • ralated concepts
    • Phone 音素
      • a phonetic unit or sagment 语音单位或音段
      • does not necessarily distinguish meaning
    • phoneme 音位
      • a phonological unit
      • a unit that Is of distinctive value
      • an abstract unit
      • not a particular sound
    • allophones 音位变体
      • the different phones which can represent a phoneme
      • in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme
    • phonemic contrast 音位对位＝ distinctive phoneme 不同音位
    • complementary distribution 互补分布
      • allophones of the same phoneme 同一音位 的音位变体
      • no distinguish meaning 无区别意义
      • occur in different phonetic contexts出现在 不同语音环境
    • minimal pairs 最小对立体 till ＆gill Kill＆dill
      • two words with different meanings
      • the same in every way except for one sound segment
      • in the same place in each words
      • 两个语音除了在某个位置上有一个音段不同以外 没有任何区别
  • rules in phonology
    • sequential rules 序列规则
      • govern the combination of sounds in particular language
    • assimilation rule 同化规则
      • assimilates the sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequentialphonemeY thus making the two Phones similar
    • deletion rule 省音规则
      • tell us when a sound is tobe deleted
    • epenthesis rule 增音规则
  • suprasegmental features 超音 段特征
    • stress
      • Word stress
      • sentence stress
    • tone，pitch variation caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords
    • intonation
      • the falling tone
      • the rising tone
      • the fall-rise tone
      • the fall-rise tone