2.1a/Perception:Influences on Perception
selective attention选择性注意
Cocktail party effect鸡尾酒会效应
Blindness
In-attentional blindness非注意盲视
Perceptual set知觉定势(由concepts概念&schemas图式/认知框架决定）
2.1b/Perception:Perceptual Organization&Interpretation
Gestalt格式塔（形式/整体
3 principles of grouping分组
3D
Binocular cues双眼线索
Retinal disparity视网膜差异：binocular parallax+规律
Motion
Stroboscopic movement动景运动
Autokinetic effect自动效应/自主运动现象
Adaptation
Perceptual constancy感知恒常性
Color constancy颜色恒常性depends on context
Perceptual adaptation知觉适应
2.2a/Thinking,Problem-solving,Jugements&Decision-Making:Concepts&Creativity
Development psychology 发展心理学
Aptitude test才智测试
Convergent thinking 聚合性思维
2.2b/Thinking,Problem-solving,Jugements&Decision-Making:Solving Problems&Making Decisions
Executive function 执行功能
Heuristic启发式
Insight洞察力 EEG right temporal lobe activity
Problem:Mental Set心理定势：“新问题，老办法”
E.g. crossword puzzle. _N_➡️”I” “G”
Intuition直觉
Representativeness heuristic代表性启发
Availability heuristic可得性启发
2.3Intro to Memory
Memory记忆
Alzheimer’s diseases, super-recognizers, HSAM
2.4Encoding memories
Memory Type（见表格）
Explicit(Declarative)Memory显性记忆
Implicit(None-declarative) Memory隐性记忆
Process Mode
Effortful Processing 有意加工
Types of implicit memory
Classical conditioning associations
Sensory memory
Short-term memory capacity:7 chunks
Effort processing strategies
Distributed practice 分散练习
1.Spacing effect间隔效应
Distributed practice 长期记忆效果
2.Testing effect测试效应
Repeated self-testing反复自我测试
Levels of processing
Shallow processing 浅层加工
字母，结构编码（structural learning); 发音，音素编码（phonetic learning)
2.5Storing memories
Explicit conscious memories
The frontal lobe/hippocampus
Explicit memories
Hippocampus 海马体
Temporal lobe颞叶,limbic system边缘系统
Implicit memories
Cerebellum
Stores implicit memory created by classical conditioning
Impact of damage:unable to develop certain conditional reflexes
Basal Ganglia
Procedural memories 程序性记忆
Receives input from the cortex
Infantile Amnesia
Explicit memory heavily relies our language abilities
The Amygdala, Emotions,&Memory
Amygdala
Emotional arousal could stir some important memories in brain
Gives instructions and excite brain
Stronger emotional experience->stronger, more reliable memory
Flashbulb memory闪光灯记忆
Mental snapshots心理快照：e.g.初吻
2.6Retrieving memories
Retrospective memory回顾性记忆
Context-dependent memory情景依赖性记忆
Encoding specificity principle编码特异性原则
State-dependent memory状态依赖记忆
Serial position effect序列位置效应
How can we improve memory retrieval ？
2.7Forgetting&other memory challenges
Illness？
Junk heap memories: 难以抽象思维abstract thinking
✰
Anterograde Amnesia 顺性失忆症
Encoding failure
Retrieval cues->retrieval failure
Tip-of-the-tongue forgetting
Retrieval Failure
Interference
Proactive interference(forward-acting)前摄干扰.pro”活在大清”
Retroactive interference(backward-acting)后摄干扰
P242 research
后摄干扰retro:睡前一小时是记忆信息的最佳时间
Motivated Forgetting动机性遗忘
Memory Consolidation Errors
Misinformation&Imagination effect误导信息与想象效应
imagination inflation 报告的虚假信息细节更加丰富
Source Amnesia来源性失忆
Source misattribution 来源误认
Discerning true&false memory
False memory
Socially contagious社会传染性“辟谣跑断腿”
Improving memory strategies
2.8a/Intelligence&Achievement:Theories of Intelligence
The cat tell-horn-carrol(CHC) Theory卡霍卡理论，Raymond Cattol&John Horn
Crystallized intelligence
Howard Gardener
Existential intelligence存在智力
Sternberg’s 3 intelligence
Analytical intelligence 分析性智力
Creative intelligence 创造性智力
Practical intelligence实践性智力
General intelligence factor(g)
Emotional intelligence 情商
2.8b/Intelligence&Achievement:Assess Intelligence
Alfred Binet
Mental orthopedics心理矫正：儿童
Stanford-Binet
IQ=mental age/chronological age
2.8c/Intelligence&Achievement:Stability of,&Influences on,Intelligence
Cross-sectional study横断面研究
2.8d/Intelligence&Achievement:Group Differences&Question of Bias
Social expectations &opportunities
Test-taker’s expectations
